Digital halftoning
Digital communications: fundamentals and applications
Digital communications: fundamentals and applications
Fundamentals of statistical signal processing: estimation theory
Fundamentals of statistical signal processing: estimation theory
Digital watermarking
Fuzzy Measure Theory
A Feature Calibration Method For Watermarking Of Document Images
ICDAR '99 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
A Text Watermarking Algorithm based on Word Classification and Inter-word Space Statistics
ICDAR '03 Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 2
Digital Image Processing (3rd Edition)
Digital Image Processing (3rd Edition)
A theoretical framework for data-hiding in digital and printed text documents
CMS'05 Proceedings of the 9th IFIP TC-6 TC-11 international conference on Communications and Multimedia Security
Data hiding in binary image for authentication and annotation
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
Reliable communication over channels with insertions, deletions, and substitutions
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
Inverse halftoning via MAP estimation
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Interword distance changes represented by sine waves for watermarking text images
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Distributed image coding for digital image recovery from the print-scan channel
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
ICIP'09 Proceedings of the 16th IEEE international conference on Image processing
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This paper improves a recently proposed hardcopy watermarking method by introducing new approaches to decode the embedded information. The proposed method, coined as text luminance modulation (TLM), embeds hidden data in office-like documents, while presenting robustness to the print-scan (PS) channel. The hidden data is embedded by slightly modulating the luminance of characters and symbols. This change can be set unperceivable to the human eye and detected with the aid of a scanner. In previous works, the hidden data was retrieved by using the average luminance level or the halftone pattern as a detection metric. In this paper, however, the detection process combines different metrics into a single metric, significantly improving the detection performance. This paper proposes a new PS model where characteristics induced by the halftoning in the printing process are considered, allowing the use of the variance of a character as a new detection metric. Performance analyses validate the proposed PS model. Experiments illustrate the precision of the analyses and the applicability of the method.