Changes in the Human Brain during Rhythm Learning
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
Imaging Cognition II: An Empirical Review of 275 PET and fMRI Studies
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
Cerebellar Contributions to Motor Timing: A PET Study of Auditory and Visual Rhythm Reproduction
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
Hearing in the mind's ear: A pet investigation of musical imagery and perception
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
The neural correlate of speech rhythm as evidenced by metrical speech processing
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
Neural correlates of music perception and cognition
AMTA'10 Proceedings of the 11th WSEAS international conference on Acoustics & music: theory & applications
Effects of spectral features of sound on gesture type and timing
GW'11 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Gesture and Sign Language in Human-Computer Interaction and Embodied Communication
Repetition suppression in auditory-motor regions to pitch and temporal structure in music
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
Interacting cortical and basal ganglia networks underlying finding and tapping to the musical beat
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
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When we listen to rhythm, we often move spontaneously to the beat. This movement may result from processing of the beat by motor areas. Previous studies have shown that several motor areas respond when attending to rhythms. Here we investigate whether specific motor regions respond to beat in rhythm. We predicted that the basal ganglia and supplementary motor area (SMA) would respond in the presence of a regular beat. To establish what rhythm properties induce a beat, we asked subjects to reproduce different types of rhythmic sequences. Improved reproduction was observed for one rhythm type, which had integer ratio relationships between its intervals and regular perceptual accents. A subsequent functional magnetic resonance imaging study found that these rhythms also elicited higher activity in the basal ganglia and SMA. This finding was consistent across different levels of musical training, although musicians showed activation increases unrelated to rhythm type in the premotor cortex, cerebellum, and SMAs (pre-SMA and SMA). We conclude that, in addition to their role in movement production, the basal ganglia and SMAs may mediate beat perception.