Speech watermarking for analog flat-fading bandpass channels
IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing
Oscillating statistical moments for speech polarity detection
NOLISP'11 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Advances in nonlinear speech processing
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Speech polarity determination: A comparative evaluation
Neurocomputing
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In this paper we investigate how polarity inversion of speech signals effects human perception, and we apply this technique for data hiding. In most languages, glottal airflow during phonation is uni-directional, causing constant polarity of the speech waveform. On the other hand, the human auditory system cannot discriminate between speech signals with positive and negative polarity. Based on these facts, we developed an algorithm to hide data in speech signals. We assigned one bit to each syllable of speech, and inverted the polarity of the signal at every syllable according to the assigned bit. We performed a test using 20 sentences from the TIMIT corpus to determine both whether a human could distinguish between the original and polarity-inverted signal and whether we could automatically restore the embedded binary data. We found that we were able to successfully hide data and restore it automatically.