The category concept: an extension to the entity-relationship model
Data & Knowledge Engineering
Mediating representations in knowledge elicitation
Knowledge elicitation: principle, techniques and applications
Faster scaling algorithms for general graph matching problems
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
The Z notation: a reference manual
The Z notation: a reference manual
The deductive foundations of computer programming: a one-volume version of “the logical basis for computer programming”
Object-oriented software construction (2nd ed.)
Object-oriented software construction (2nd ed.)
Constraint diagrams: visualizing invariants in object-oriented models
Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object-oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications
Multi-paradigm design for C++
The object constraint language: precise modeling with UML
The object constraint language: precise modeling with UML
The Unified Modeling Language reference manual
The Unified Modeling Language reference manual
A hardware architecture for implementing protection rings
Communications of the ACM
Digital Design: Principles and Practices
Digital Design: Principles and Practices
Principles of Object-Oriented Software Development
Principles of Object-Oriented Software Development
Fundamentals of Database Systems
Fundamentals of Database Systems
Discrete Mathematics in Computer Science
Discrete Mathematics in Computer Science
Modeling Semantic Constraints with Logic in the EARL Data Model
Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Data Engineering
OCL as a Specification Language for Business Rules in Database Applications
«UML» '01 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on The Unified Modeling Language, Modeling Languages, Concepts, and Tools
A Visualization of OCL Using Collaborations
«UML» '01 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on The Unified Modeling Language, Modeling Languages, Concepts, and Tools
HOL-OCL: Experiences, Consequences and Design Choices
UML '02 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on The Unified Modeling Language
Configuration Knowledge Representation Using UML/OCL
UML '02 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on The Unified Modeling Language
Relative Constraints in ER Data Models
ER '93 Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on the Entity-Relationship Approach: Entity-Relationship Approach
The Amsterdam Manifesto on OCL
Object Modeling with the OCL, The Rationale behind the Object Constraint Language
Expressing UML Class Diagrams Properties with OCL
Object Modeling with the OCL, The Rationale behind the Object Constraint Language
UML Class Diagrams Revisited in the Context of Agent-Based Systems
AOSE '01 Revised Papers and Invited Contributions from the Second International Workshop on Agent-Oriented Software Engineering II
A high-dimensional approach to interactive graph visualization
Proceedings of the 2004 ACM symposium on Applied computing
A UML-Based Pattern Specification Technique
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
A Methodological Framework for Viewpoint-Oriented Conceptual Modeling
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Mixing visual and textual constraint languages
UML'99 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on The unified modeling language: beyond the standard
Typechecking UML static models
UML'99 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on The unified modeling language: beyond the standard
A pedagogical approach to database design via Karnaugh maps
IEEE Transactions on Education
Modeling semantic information in engineering applications: a review
Artificial Intelligence Review
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An important conceptual modeling activity in the development of database, object-oriented and agent-oriented systems is the capture and expression of domain constraints governing underlying data and object states. UML is increasingly used for capturing conceptual models, as it supports conceptual modeling of arbitrary domains, and has extensible notation allowing capture of invariant constraints both in the class diagram notation and in the separately denoted OCL syntax. However, a need exists for increased formalism in constraint capture that does not sacrifice ease of use for the analyst. In this paper, we codify a set of invariant patterns formalized here for capturing a rich category of propositional constraints on class diagrams. We use tools of Boolean logic to set out the distinction between these patterns, applying them in modeling by way of example. We use graph notation to systematically uncover constraints hidden in the diagrams. We present data collected from applications across different domains, supporting the importance of "pattern-finding” for n{\hbox{-}}{\rm{variable}} propositional constraints using general graph theoretic methods. This approach enriches UML-based conceptual modeling for greater completeness, consistency, and correctness by formalizing the syntax and semantics of these constraint patterns, which has not been done in a comprehensive manner before now.