Application of the Karhunen-Loeve Procedure for the Characterization of Human Faces
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Neural networks and the bias/variance dilemma
Neural Computation
Using Discriminant Eigenfeatures for Image Retrieval
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Eigenfaces vs. Fisherfaces: Recognition Using Class Specific Linear Projection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Detecting Faces in Images: A Survey
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Face Recognition: Features Versus Templates
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Statistical Edge Detection: Learning and Evaluating Edge Cues
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
The Case against Accuracy Estimation for Comparing Induction Algorithms
ICML '98 Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Machine Learning
Beyond Eigenfaces: Probabilistic Matching for Face Recognition
FG '98 Proceedings of the 3rd. International Conference on Face & Gesture Recognition
The Global Dimensionality of Face Space
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
Face recognition: A literature survey
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Pattern Classification (2nd Edition)
Pattern Classification (2nd Edition)
Shape-Based Recognition of Wiry Objects
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Classification of Faces in Man and Machine
Neural Computation
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Independent component analysis of Gabor features for face recognition
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
Sparsity preserving discriminant analysis for single training image face recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
Emulating biological strategies for uncontrolled face recognition
Pattern Recognition
Exploring the identity manifold: constrained operations in face space
ECCV'10 Proceedings of the 11th European conference on Computer vision: Part VI
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The dimensionality of face space is measured objectively in a psychophysical study. Within this framework, we obtain a measurement of the dimension for the human visual system. Using an eigenface basis, evidence is presented that talented human observers are able to identify familiar faces that lie in a space of roughly 100 dimensions and the average observer requires a space of between 100 and 200 dimensions. This is below most current estimates. It is further argued that these estimates give an upper bound for face space dimension and this might be lowered by better constructed "eigenfaces” and by talented observers.