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IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering - Special issue on computer security and privacy
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SIGCOMM '88 Symposium proceedings on Communications architectures and protocols
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Open Systems & Information Dynamics
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The forty year trend in the computing industry is away from centralized, high unit cost, low unit volume products toward distributed, low unit cost, high unit volume products. The next step in this process is the emergence of massively distributed systems. These systems will penetrate even more deeply into the fabric of society and become the information power grids of the 21st century. They will be ubiquitous. Most will operate outside the normal cognizance of the people they serve and most will be based on embedded systems that present non-traditional computing interfaces to their users. They will be engineered to operate as distributed utilities, much like the energy, water, transportation and media broadcast businesses do today. The first deployment of massively distributed systems is likely to occur as support structures for these industries. Massively distributed systems will differ from existing distributed systems in important ways. Such systems eventually will interconnect billions of nodes. This will necessitate changes in the way nodes interact with one another. One-to-many communications will be the norm, rather than one-to-one. The size of on-line application communities will necessitate the use of statistically correct rather than deterministic algorithms for resource accounting, fault detection and correction, and system management. These communities will coalesce and dissolve rapidly in order to host events that are of interest to groups formed specifically for this purpose. This will require new approaches to naming, routing, security and privacy, resource management and synchronization. Heterogeneity will be even more of a factor in the design, implementation and operation of massively distributed systems. This paper explores the nature and characteristics of massively distributed systems by proposing some examples and then using them to characterize nine major design issues. Seven of these are drawn from seminal work in the area of distributed systems. Two others are based on experience in distributed system design and implementation subsequent to that work.