Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Artificial Intelligence Review - Special issue on lazy learning
Cognitive modeling: knowledge, reasoning and planning for intelligent characters
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A hierarchical approach to interactive motion editing for human-like figures
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A Dynamical Model of Visually-Guided Steering, Obstacle Avoidance, and Route Selection
International Journal of Computer Vision - Special Issue on Computational Vision at Brown University
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
CASA '03 Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computer Animation and Social Agents (CASA 2003)
Better group behaviors in complex environments using global roadmaps
ICAL 2003 Proceedings of the eighth international conference on Artificial life
Keyframe-based tracking for rotoscoping and animation
ACM SIGGRAPH 2004 Papers
Finding paths for coherent groups using clearance
SCA '04 Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
SCA '04 Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
On-line motion blending for real-time locomotion generation: Research Articles
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds - Special Issue: The Very Best Papers from CASA 2004
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Fast and accurate goal-directed motion synthesis for crowds
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
MCMC-Based Particle Filtering for Tracking a Variable Number of Interacting Targets
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Motion patches: building blocks for virtual environments annotated with motion data
ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Papers
ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Papers
Real-time navigating crowds: scalable simulation and rendering: Research Articles
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds - CASA 2006
Tracking multiple humans in crowded environment
CVPR'04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 papers
Perceptual evaluation of position and orientation context rules for pedestrian formations
Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
Interaction patches for multi-character animation
ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2008 papers
Crowd patches: populating large-scale virtual environments for real-time applications
Proceedings of the 2009 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
Sketch-Based Interface for Crowd Animation
SG '09 Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Smart Graphics
Experiment-based modeling, simulation and validation of interactions between virtual walkers
Proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
Fitting behaviors to pedestrian simulations
Proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
SteerBug: an interactive framework for specifying and detecting steering behaviors
Proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
Spontaneous Avatar Behavior for Human Territoriality
IVA '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Puppet Master: designing reactive character behavior by demonstration
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
A semantic environment model for crowd simulation in multilayered complex environment
Proceedings of the 16th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology
A new autonomous agent approach for the simulation of pedestrians in urban environments
Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering
Modeling groups of plausible virtual pedestrians
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications - Special issue on non-photorealistic rendering a virtual environment for teaching social skills
Exploiting Motion Capture to Enhance Avoidance Behaviour in Games
MIG '09 Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Motion in Games
A Predictive Collision Avoidance Model for Pedestrian Simulation
MIG '09 Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Motion in Games
Data Driven Evaluation of Crowds
MIG '09 Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Motion in Games
An Open Framework for Developing, Evaluating, and Sharing Steering Algorithms
MIG '09 Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Motion in Games
Learning behavior styles with inverse reinforcement learning
ACM SIGGRAPH 2010 papers
Crowd modeling and simulation technologies
ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation (TOMACS)
Perceptual effects of scene context and viewpoint for virtual pedestrian crowds
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
Simulating the local behaviour of small pedestrian groups
Proceedings of the 17th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology
Resolving local minima problem of potential field
Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGGRAPH Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry
A modular framework for adaptive agent-based steering
I3D '11 Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games
CAROSA: a tool for authoring NPCs
MIG'10 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Motion in games
Formation sketching: an approach to stylize groups in crowd simulation
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2011
Simulating heterogeneous crowd behaviors using personality trait theory
SCA '11 Proceedings of the 2011 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
Scenario space: characterizing coverage, quality, and failure of steering algorithms
SCA '11 Proceedings of the 2011 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
Animation of flocks flying in line formations
Artificial Life
Long term real trajectory reuse through region goal satisfaction
MIG'11 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Motion in Games
Accounting for patterns of collective behavior in crowd locomotor dynamics for realistic simulations
Transactions on Edutainment VII
Towards a quantitative approach for comparing crowds
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds
Characteristics preserving racer animation: a data-driven race path synthesis in formation space
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds
Crowd distribution and location preference
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds
A statistical similarity measure for aggregate crowd dynamics
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) - Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2012
Destination flow for crowd simulation
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part III
Populating virtual environments with crowd patches and rule-based method
Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry
Environment-aware real-time crowd control
EUROSCA'12 Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGGRAPH / Eurographics conference on Computer Animation
EUROSCA'12 Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGGRAPH / Eurographics conference on Computer Animation
Environment-aware real-time crowd control
Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
Velocity-based modeling of physical interactions in multi-agent simulations
Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
Context-sensitive data-driven crowd simulation
Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry
Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry
Video-based personalized traffic learning
Graphical Models
A Data-Driven Crowd Simulation Model Based on Clustering and Classification
DS-RT '13 Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE/ACM 17th International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real Time Applications
Graphical Models
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics
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Crowd simulation techniques have frequently been used to animate a large group of virtual humans in computer graphics applications. We present a data-driven method of simulating a crowd of virtual humans that exhibit behaviors imitating real human crowds. To do so, we record the motion of a human crowd from an aerial view using a camcorder, extract the two-dimensional moving trajectories of each individual in the crowd, and then learn an agent model from observed trajectories. The agent model decides each agent's actions based on features of the environment and the motion of nearby agents in the crowd. Once the agent model is learned, we can simulate a virtual crowd that behaves similarly to the real crowd in the video. The versatility and flexibility of our approach is demonstrated through examples in which various characteristics of group behaviors are captured and reproduced in simulated crowds.