The design philosophy of the DARPA internet protocols
SIGCOMM '88 Symposium proceedings on Communications architectures and protocols
The PIM architecture for wide-area multicast routing
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
A reliable multicast framework for light-weight sessions and application level framing
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
A model, analysis, and protocol framework for soft state-based communication
Proceedings of the conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communication
Scalable Timers for Soft State Protocols
INFOCOM '97 Proceedings of the INFOCOM '97. Sixteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Driving the Information Revolution
SANDS: Specialized Active Networking for Distributed Simulation
DANCE '02 Proceedings of the 2002 DARPA Active Networks Conference and Exposition
On the Robustness of Soft State Protocols
ICNP '04 Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols
Building a reliable P2P system out of unreliable P2P clients: the case of KAD
CoNEXT '07 Proceedings of the 2007 ACM CoNEXT conference
SCOPES: Smart Cameras Object Position Estimation System
EWSN '09 Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks
The TANGRAMII integrated modeling environment for computer systems and networks
ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review
End-to-end versus hop-by-hop state refresh in soft state signaling protocols
IEEE Communications Letters
A lightweight soft-state tracking framework for dense mobile ad hoc networks
Pervasive and Mobile Computing
REBOOK: A Deterministic, Robust and Scalable Resource Booking Algorithm
Journal of Network and Systems Management
Modeling and simulation of SIP tandem server with finite buffer
ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation (TOMACS)
Weak state routing for large-scale dynamic networks
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Understanding stateful vs stateless communication strategies for ad hoc networks
MobiCom '11 Proceedings of the 17th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Analyses of soft-state signaling protocols in GMPLS-Based WDM networks
International Journal of Network Management
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One of the key infrastructure components in all telecommunication networks, ranging from the telephone network to VC-oriented data networks to the Internet, is its signaling system. Two broad approaches towards signaling can be identified: so-called hard-state and soft-state approaches. Despite the fundamental importance of signaling, our understanding of these approaches--their pros and cons and the circumstances in which they might best be employed--is mostly anecdotal (and, occasionally, religious). In this paper, we compare and contrast a variety of signaling approaches ranging from "pure" soft state to soft-state approaches augmented with explicit state removal and/or reliable signaling, to a "pure" hard state approach. We develop an analytic model that allows us to quantify state inconsistency in single- and multiple-hop signaling scenarios, and the "cost" (both in terms of signaling overhead and application-specific costs resulting from state inconsistency) associated with a given signaling approach and its parameters (e.g., state refresh and removal timers). Among the class of soft-state approaches, we find that a soft-state approach coupled with explicit removal substantially improves the degree of state consistency while introducing little additional signaling message overhead. The addition of reliable explicit setup/update/removal allows the soft-state approach to achieve comparable (and sometimes better) consistency than that of the hard-state approach.