Communications of the ACM
A relational model of data for large shared data banks
Communications of the ACM
Implementation of a structured English query language
SIGMOD '75 Proceedings of the 1975 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
SIGMOD '75 Proceedings of the 1975 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
Optimizing the performance of a relational algebra data base interface
SIGMOD '75 Proceedings of the 1975 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
SEQUEL: A structured English query language
SIGFIDET '74 Proceedings of the 1974 ACM SIGFIDET (now SIGMOD) workshop on Data description, access and control
Features of a conceptual schema
VLDB '75 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
Data structures and data accessing in data base systems past, present, future
IBM Systems Journal
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Most of the literature on implementation of relations has been directed toward user features, with little attention paid to an overall conceptual view of underlying structures. Performance oriented considerations have been treated only for isolated problems. Toward a solution to these problems we describe a multi-level architecture for relational data base systems. This architecture distinguishes clearly between user oriented features, access path structures, data structures and file organization. It also allows efficiency problems to be isolated within levels and solved independently of each other, without impacting the logical structure of the user's virtual machine. Specific problems considered here in the context of this architecture include the mapping of relations into files, the implementation of fast access paths, and some file level optimizations that are particularly useful in relational systems.