Dimensions of Copeland--Erdös sequences

  • Authors:
  • Xiaoyang Gu;Jack H. Lutz;Philippe Moser

  • Affiliations:
  • Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;Departamento de Informática e Ingeniería de Sistemas, María de Luna 1, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain

  • Venue:
  • Information and Computation
  • Year:
  • 2007

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Abstract

The base-k Copeland-Erdös sequence given by an infinite set A of positive integers is the infinite sequence CEMk(A) formed by concatenating the base-k representations of the elements of A in numerical order. This paper concerns the following four quantities. *The finite-state dimension dimFS (CEk(A)), a finite-state version of classical Hausdorff dimension introduced in 2001. *The finite-state strong dimension DimFS(CEk(A)), a finite-state version of classical packing dimension introduced in 2004. This is a dual of dimFS(CEk(A)) satisfying DimFS(CEk(A)))≥dimFS(CE k(A)). *The zeta-dimension (Dimζ(A), a kind of discrete fractal dimension discovered many times over the past few decades. *The lower zeta-dimension dimζ(A), a dual of Dimζ(A) satisfying dimζ(A)≤Dimζ(A). We prove the following. dimFS(CEk(A))≥dimζ( A). This extends the 1946 proof by Copeland and Erdös that the sequence (CEk(PRIMES)) is Borel normal. DimFS(CEk(A))≥Dimζ( A). These bounds are tight in the strong sense that these four quantities can have (simultaneously) any four values in [0,1] satisfying the four above-mentioned inequalities.