SPINS: security protocols for sensor networks
Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
The Resurrecting Duckling: Security Issues for Ad-hoc Wireless Networks
Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Security Protocols
Efficient and Scalable IEEE 802.11 Ad-Hoc-Mode Timing Synchronization Function
AINA '03 Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications
Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
A Clock Synchronization Algorithm for Multi-Hop Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
ICDCS '04 Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS'04)
Fine-grained network time synchronization using reference broadcasts
OSDI '02 Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementationCopyright restrictions prevent ACM from being able to make the PDFs for this conference available for downloading
A Compatible and Scalable Clock Synchronization Protocol in IEEE 802.11 Ad Hoc Networks
ICPP '05 Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Parallel Processing
Secure time synchronization service for sensor networks
Proceedings of the 4th ACM workshop on Wireless security
Secure and resilient clock synchronization in wireless sensor networks
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
A secure credit-based cooperation stimulating mechanism for MANETs using hash chains
Future Generation Computer Systems
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Time synchronization is crucial in ad hoc networks. Due to the infrastructure-less and dynamic nature, time synchronization in such environments is vulnerable to various attacks. Moreover, time synchronization protocols such as IEEE 802.11 TSF (Timing Synchronization Function) often suffer from scalability problem. In this paper, we address the security and the scalability problems of time synchronization protocols in ad hoc networks. We propose a novel suite of time synchronization mechanisms for ad hoc networks based on symmetric cryptography. For single-hop ad hoc networks, we propose SSTSP, a scalable and secure time synchronization procedure based on one-way Hash chain, a lightweight mechanism to ensure the authenticity and the integrity of synchronization beacons. The "clock drift check" is proposed to counter replay/delay attacks. We then extend our efforts to the multi-hop case. We propose MSTSP, a secure and scalable time synchronization mechanism based on SSTSP for multi-hop ad hoc networks. In MSTSP, the multi-hop network is automatically divided into single-hop clusters. The secure intra-cluster synchronization is achieved by SSTSP and the secure inter-cluster synchronization is achieved by exchanging synchronization beacons among cluster reference nodes via bridge nodes. The proposed synchronization mechanisms are fully distributed without a global synchronization leader. We further perform analytical studies and simulations on the proposed approaches. The results show that SSTSP can synchronize single-hop networks with the maximum synchronization error under 20μs and MSTSP 55-85μs for multi-hop networks, which are, to the best of our knowledge, among the best results of currently proposed solutions for single-hop and multi-hop ad hoc networks. Meanwhile, our approaches can maintain the network synchronized even in hostile environments.