Discrete Mathematics
Video watermarking by using geometric warping without visible artifacts
IH'06 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Information hiding
Attacks on digital watermarks: classification, estimation based attacks, and benchmarks
IEEE Communications Magazine
Temporal feature modulation for video watermarking
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
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In this paper, we present a non-blind uncompressed domain geometric warping-based video watermarking approach with high robustness to strong lossy compression. We use the approved idea of changing the geometric video structure to embed the watermark bits. In this paper, the parameterization of the geometric structure and the basic embedding process is described. The resulting video quality and the possibility of re-synchronization after geometric attacks are two main issues of this work. We propose a solution which divides the 3-dimensional video space (two spatial and one temporal dimension) into different regions. In this way, we can parameterize and control the resulting video quality and suitability for re-synchronization. The resulting watermark is very robust to strong lossy compression. For example, a H.264/AVC compression which degrades the video quality down to a PSNR of 25 dB induces a watermark bit error rate of only 0.16%. The proposed approach prevents visible artifacts and flicker effects. The average resulting capacity (round about 2 bits per frame) is sufficient for applications such as fingerprinting.