PAMAS—power aware multi-access protocol with signalling for ad hoc networks
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Swarm intelligence: from natural to artificial systems
Swarm intelligence: from natural to artificial systems
Geography-informed energy conservation for Ad Hoc routing
Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Analysis of a cone-based distributed topology control algorithm for wireless multi-hop networks
Proceedings of the twentieth annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing
Software Strategies for Portable Computer Energy Management
Software Strategies for Portable Computer Energy Management
CLTC: A Cluster-Based Topology Control Framework for Ad Hoc Networks
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Maximum battery life routing to support ubiquitous mobile computing in wireless ad hoc networks
IEEE Communications Magazine
ATCP: TCP for mobile ad hoc networks
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
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Energy conservation is of paramount importance to operations of mobile nodes in ad hoc networks. Studies reveal energy consumption of an idle wireless network interface device can consume one order of magnitude higher energy than when the device is in the sleep mode. This suggests that one effective approach to conserving energy is to switch mobile nodes' idle wireless network interface devices into the sleep mode. In this paper, we present an energy conservation protocol for mobile ad hoc networks that utilizes the biological metaphor of swarm intelligence to balance between energy conservation and network forwarding performance. The Ant-based Energy Conservation (ABEC) protocol utilizes small ant packets to store energy-related information of their forwarders at the nodes they visit in the same way as biological ants deposit pheromone on the ground. Collectively, ant packets determine and reinforce nodes that are essential to the effective operations of an ad hoc network, while allowing other nodes of the network to switch into the sleep mode to conserve energy. Ant packets also explore possible alternative active nodes as candidate nodes to be switched into the sleep mode so as to adapt to changing topology and traffic. Results from a comprehensive simulation study demonstrate that ABEC successfully extends the operational lifetime of networks, while slightly degrading network connectivity and data forwarding performance.