Speech recognition by machines and humans
Speech Communication
Speech Recognition Experiments with Silicon Auditory Models
Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing
Speech Communication - Special issue on the nature of speech perception (the psychophysics of speech perception III)
Multiple approaches to robust speech recognition
HLT '91 Proceedings of the workshop on Speech and Natural Language
ICASSP '00 Proceedings of the Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2000. on IEEE International Conference - Volume 02
Auditory information coding by modeled cochlear nucleus neurons
Journal of Computational Neuroscience
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Our notion of how speech is processed is still very much dominated by von Helmholtz's theory of hearing. He deduced that the human inner ear decomposes the spectrum of sound signals. However, physiological recordings of auditory nerve fibers (ANF) showed that the rate-place code, which is thought to transmit spectral information to the brain, is at least complemented by a temporal code. In our paper we challenge the rate-place code using a complex but realistic scenario: speech in noise. We used a detailed model of human auditory processing that closely replicates key aspects of auditory nerve spike trains. We performed quantitative evaluations of coding strategies using standard automatic speech recognition (ASR) tools. Our test data was spoken letters of the whole English alphabet from a variety of speakers, with and without background noise. We evaluated a purely rate-place-based encoding strategy, a temporal strategy based on interspike intervals, and a combination thereof. The results suggest that as few as 4% of the total number of ANFs would be sufficient to code speech information in a rate-place fashion. Rate-place coding performed its best for speech in clean conditions at normal sound level, but broke down at higher-than-normal levels, and failed dramatically in noise at high levels. Low-spontaneous rate fibers improved the rate-place code, mainly for vowels and at higher-than-normal levels. At high speech levels, and in particular in the presence of background noise, combining rate-place coding with the temporal coding strategy greatly improved recognition accuracy. We therefore conclude that the human auditory system does not rely on a rate-place code alone but requires the abundance of fibers for precise temporal coding.