Talking to computers: an empirical investigation
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Shaping user input: a strategy for natural language dialogue design
Interacting with Computers
Exploiting convergence to improve natural language understanding
Interacting with Computers
How to get people to say and type what computers can understand
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
User representations of computer systems in human-computer speech interaction
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
ISSD-93 Selected papers presented at the international symposium on Spoken dialogue
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places
Why do electronic conversations seem less polite? the costs and benefits of hedging
WACC '99 Proceedings of the international joint conference on Work activities coordination and collaboration
Designing and Evaluating an Adaptive Spoken Dialogue System
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Towards a method for evaluating naturalness in conversational dialog systems
SMC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics
How does the representation of the computer evolve during human-computer dialogue?
Proceedings of the 30th European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics
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The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of modality on collaboration processes between human and computer. Spoken and written interactions with a natural language dialogue system were compared using two real information-retrieval systems. In order to look for a restaurant (Experiment 1) or plan a trip (Experiment 2), participants performed several task-oriented dialogue scenarios. Although the spoken interaction mode was less efficient, it promoted collaboration, the use of personal pronouns and the literal form of the system's command utterances. Overall, in the written mode, the emphasis was on the task and its performance, rather than on dialogue. These findings are discussed with respect to the effect of communication mode on collaboration in human-computer dialogue.