Effects of message style on users' attributions toward agents
CHI '94 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Interpersonal trust and common ground in electronically mediated communication
CSCW '00 Proceedings of the 2000 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
MessyDesk and MessyBoard: two designs inspired by the goal of improving human memory
DIS '02 Proceedings of the 4th conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, and techniques
CSCW '04 Proceedings of the 2004 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Processes that shape conversation and their implications for computational linguistics
ACL '00 Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Effect of modality on collaboration with a dialogue system
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Mind your p's and q's: when politeness helps and hurts in online communities
CHI '08 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Responding to Student Uncertainty in Spoken Tutorial Dialogue Systems
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Mind your Ps and Qs: the impact of politeness and rudeness in online communities
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Towards personality-based user adaptation: psychologically informed stylistic language generation
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction
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Electronic conversations often seem less polite than spoken conversations. The usual explanation for this is that people who are not physically copresent become depersonalized and less inhibited by social norms. While this explanation is intuitively appealing, we consider another possibility, based on the costs of producing "polite" utterances when speaking versus when typing. We examined a corpus of conversations generated by 26 three-person groups who interacted either face-to-face or electronically to do a collaborative memory task. We coded hedges (which mark an utterance as provisional) and questions (which display doubt or invite input from others), as people presented their own recollections, accepted, modified, or rejected those of others, and tried to reach consensus. Both of these devices are associated with politeness. For most people, hedging is more difficult when typing than when speaking because additional words are required, while marking an utterance as a question is equally easy in both media. The two groups made somewhat different use of these devices: Face-to-face groups hedged more than electronic groups, but both groups used questions just as often. We discuss how these and other differences emerge from the costs and affordances of communication media.