Highly dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers
SIGCOMM '94 Proceedings of the conference on Communications architectures, protocols and applications
Online power-aware routing in wireless Ad-hoc networks
Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications
Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications
The Spatial Node Distribution of the Random Waypoint Mobility Model
Mobile Ad-Hoc Netzwerke, 1. deutscher Workshop über Mobile Ad-Hoc Netzwerke WMAN 2002
Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing
WMCSA '99 Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computer Systems and Applications
Performance Enhancement of Smooth Handoff in Mobile IP by Reducing Packets Disorder
ISCC '03 Proceedings of the Eighth IEEE International Symposium on Computers and Communications
Handoff Trigger Nodes for Hybrid IEEE 802.11 WLAN/Cellular Networks
QSHINE '04 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Quality of Service in Heterogeneous Wired/Wireless Networks
Real-time traffic support in relayed wireless access networks using IEEE 802.11
IEEE Wireless Communications
General packet radio service in GSM
IEEE Communications Magazine
QoS issues in ad hoc wireless networks
IEEE Communications Magazine
A brief overview of ad hoc networks: challenges and directions
IEEE Communications Magazine - Part Anniversary
Hotspot wireless LANs to enhance the performance of 3G and beyond cellular networks
IEEE Communications Magazine
Interworking architecture between 3GPP and WLAN systems
IEEE Communications Magazine
Efficient mobility management for vertical handoff between WWAN and WLAN
IEEE Communications Magazine
Seamless handover in terrestrial radio access networks: a case study
IEEE Communications Magazine
Self-organization in communication networks: principles and design paradigms
IEEE Communications Magazine
Overview of the GSM system and protocol architecture
IEEE Communications Magazine
An end-to-end multipath smooth handoff scheme for stream media
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
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One of the main issues in hybrid wireless networks is vertical handoff. Dropping probability is one of the important parameters that must be considered in planning the wireless communication systems. However, there has not been much effort in dropping rate reduction in loosely coupled hybrid wireless networks. In loosely coupled WLAN/cellular systems the system administrator of the WLAN is different from the cellular one. Therefore, in these situations, reducing the dropping probability based on classical methods such as using reserved guard channels is difficult. A handoff from a WLAN to a cellular system occurs when a multi-mode device moves out of the WLANs coverage area. This is an upward vertical handoff in a hybrid network. In this paper, we propose to employ ad hoc relaying during the upward vertical handoff in a hybrid WLAN/cellular system. Two-hop and multi-hop relaying approaches, which we propose in this paper, improve the dropping probability regardless of the number of reserved channels. Simulation results support the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Also, practical routing protocols are proposed in order to implement the suggested relaying methods.