IBM Systems Journal
Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking
Signal Processing
Digital watermarking
Linear Prediction of Speech
Introduction to Digital Audio Coding and Standards
Introduction to Digital Audio Coding and Standards
Audio representations for data compression and compressed domain processing
Audio representations for data compression and compressed domain processing
Psychoacoustics: Facts and Models
Psychoacoustics: Facts and Models
Next generation techniques for robust and imperceptible audio data hiding
ICASSP '01 Proceedings of the Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2001. on IEEE International Conference - Volume 03
Time-scale invariant audio data embedding
EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing
Scalar Costa scheme for information embedding
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
Spread-spectrum watermarking of audio signals
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
Robust MC-CDMA-based fingerprinting against time-varying collusion attacks
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Robust detection of audio watermarks after acoustic path transmission
Proceedings of the 12th ACM workshop on Multimedia and security
Collusion-resistant fingerprinting systems: review and recent results
Transactions on data hiding and multimedia security V
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This paper describes an audio watermarking scheme based on sinusoidal signal modeling. To embed a watermark in an original signal (referred to as a cover signal hereafter), the following steps are taken. (a) A short-time Fourier transform is applied to the cover signal. (b) Prominent spectral peaks are identified and removed. (c) Their frequencies are subjected to quantization index modulation. (d) Quantized spectral peaks are added back to the spectrum. (e) Inverse Fourier transform and overlap-adding produce a watermarked signal. To decode the watermark, frequencies of prominent spectral peaks are estimated by quadratic interpolation on the magnitude spectrum. Afterwards, a maximum-likelihood procedure determines the binary value embedded in each frame. Results of testing against lossy compression, low- and highpass filtering, reverberation, and stereo-to-mono reduction are reported. A Hamming code is adopted to reduce the bit error rate (BER), and ways to improve sound quality are suggested as future research directions.