Watersheds in Digital Spaces: An Efficient Algorithm Based on Immersion Simulations
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Use of the Hough transformation to detect lines and curves in pictures
Communications of the ACM
Multi-spectral vision system for weed detection
Pattern Recognition Letters
Robotic weed control system for tomatoes
Robotic weed control system for tomatoes
Image Analysis and Mathematical Morphology
Image Analysis and Mathematical Morphology
Emerging technologies for real-time and integrated agriculture decisions
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Wavelet transform to discriminate between crop and weed in perspective agronomic images
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
RTK GPS mapping of transplanted row crops
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Intelligent Service Robotics
Grape clusters and foliage detection algorithms for autonomous selective vineyard sprayer
Intelligent Service Robotics
Original paper: Real-time image processing for crop/weed discrimination in maize fields
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Development of a row guidance system for an autonomous robot for white asparagus harvesting
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Computer vision for fruit harvesting robots state of the art and challenges ahead
International Journal of Computational Vision and Robotics
Automatic detection of crop rows in maize fields with high weeds pressure
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Automatic expert system based on images for accuracy crop row detection in maize fields
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Estimating plant growth parameters using an energy minimization-based stereovision model
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Time-optimal guidance control for an agricultural robot with orientation constraints
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Modular-based classification system for weed classification using mixture of features
International Journal of Computational Vision and Robotics
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Autonomous robotic weed control systems hold promise toward the automation of one of agriculture's few remaining unmechanized and drudging tasks, hand weed control. Robotic technology may also provide a means of reducing agriculture's current dependency on herbicides, improving its sustainability and reducing its environmental impact. This review describes the current status of the four core technologies (guidance, detection and identification, precision in-row weed control, and mapping) required for the successful development of a general-purpose robotic system for weed control. Of the four, detection and identification of weeds under the wide range of conditions common to agricultural fields remains the greatest challenge. A few complete robotic weed control systems have demonstrated the potential of the technology in the field. Additional research and development is needed to fully realize this potential.