Non-Contact Eye Gaze Tracking System by Mapping of Corneal Reflections
FGR '02 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
A novel non-intrusive eye gaze estimation using cross-ratio under large head motion
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on eye detection and tracking
Models for gaze tracking systems
Journal on Image and Video Processing
A depth compensation method for cross-ratio based eye tracking
Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research & Applications
Augmenting the robustness of cross-ratio gaze tracking methods to head movement
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications
Improving Head Movement Tolerance of Cross-Ratio Based Eye Trackers
International Journal of Computer Vision
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The cross-ratios method for point-of-gaze estimation uses the invariance property of cross-ratios in projective transformations. The inherent causes of the subject-dependent point-of-gaze estimation bias exhibited by this method have not been well characterized in the literature. Using a model of the eye and the components of a system (camera, light sources) that estimates point-of-gaze, a theoretical framework for the cross-ratios method is developed. The analysis of the cross-ratios method within this framework shows that the subject-dependent estimation bias is caused mainly by (i) the angular deviation of the visual axis from the optic axis and (ii) the fact that the virtual image of the pupil center is not coplanar with the virtual images of the light sources that illuminate the eye (corneal reflections). The theoretical framework provides a closed-form analytical expression that predicts the estimation bias as a function of subject-specific eye parameters.