The use of eye movements in human-computer interaction techniques: what you look at is what you get
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS) - Special issue on computer—human interaction
Geometric concepts for geometric design
Geometric concepts for geometric design
Multiple view geometry in computer visiond
Multiple view geometry in computer visiond
FreeGaze: a gaze tracking system for everyday gaze interaction
ETRA '02 Proceedings of the 2002 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
The Use of Eye Tracking for Human-Computer Interaction Research and Usability Testing
Proceedings of HCI International (the 8th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction) on Human-Computer Interaction: Ergonomics and User Interfaces-Volume I - Volume I
Man-Machine Interaction Using Eye Movement
Proceedings of HCI International (the 8th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction) on Human-Computer Interaction: Ergonomics and User Interfaces-Volume I - Volume I
Eye Gaze Estimation from a Single Image of One Eye
ICCV '03 Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision - Volume 2
A free-head, simple calibration, gaze tracking system that enables gaze-based interaction
Proceedings of the 2004 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
Robust Algorithm for Pupil-Glint Vector Detection in a Video-oculography Eyetracking System
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 4 - Volume 04
Implicit Calibration of a Remote Gaze Tracker
CVPRW '04 Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop (CVPRW'04) Volume 8 - Volume 08
Eye gaze tracking techniques for interactive applications
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on eye detection and tracking
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on eye detection and tracking
Eye Gaze Tracking under Natural Head Movements
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Volume 1 - Volume 01
Digital Image Processing (3rd Edition)
Digital Image Processing (3rd Edition)
A single camera eye-gaze tracking system with free head motion
Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
Non-intrusive eye gaze estimation without knowledge of eye pose
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
A novel approach to 3-D gaze tracking using stereo cameras
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
One-point calibration gaze tracking based on eyeball kinematics using stereo cameras
Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
Analysis of subject-dependent point-of-gaze estimation bias in the cross-ratios method
Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
Taxonomic study of polynomial regressions applied to the calibration of video-oculographic systems
Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
Remote point-of-gaze estimation requiring a single-point calibration for applications with infants
Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
Listing's and Donders' laws and the estimation of the point-of-gaze
Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research & Applications
Display-camera calibration using eye reflections and geometry constraints
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
3d ocular ultrasound using gaze tracking on the contralateral eye: a feasibility study
MICCAI'11 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention - Volume Part I
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications
Study of Polynomial Mapping Functions in Video-Oculography Eye Trackers
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Real-time eye-gaze estimation using a low-resolution webcam
Multimedia Tools and Applications
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One of the most confusing aspects that one meets when introducing oneself into gaze tracking technology is the wide variety, in terms of hardware equipment, of available systems that provide solutions to the same matter, that is, determining the point the subject is looking at. The calibration process permits generally adjusting nonintrusive trackers based on quite different hardware and image features to the subject. The negative aspect of this simple procedure is that it permits the system to work properly but at the expense of a lack of control over the intrinsic behavior of the tracker. The objective of the presented article is to overcome this obstacle to explore more deeply the elements of a video-oculographic system, that is, eye, camera, lighting, and so forth, from a purely mathematical and geometrical point of view. The main contribution is to find out the minimum number of hardware elements and image features that are needed to determine the point the subject is looking at. A model has been constructed based on pupil contour and multiple lighting, and successfully tested with real subjects. On the other hand, theoretical aspects of video-oculographic systems have been thoroughly reviewed in order to build a theoretical basis for further studies.