Feature extraction from faces using deformable templates
International Journal of Computer Vision
A decision-theoretic generalization of on-line learning and an application to boosting
Journal of Computer and System Sciences - Special issue: 26th annual ACM symposium on the theory of computing & STOC'94, May 23–25, 1994, and second annual Europe an conference on computational learning theory (EuroCOLT'95), March 13–15, 1995
Real-time head tracking from the deformation of eye contours using a piecewise affine camera
Pattern Recognition Letters
FreeGaze: a gaze tracking system for everyday gaze interaction
ETRA '02 Proceedings of the 2002 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
Real-Time Stereo Tracking for Head Pose and Gaze Estimation
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
Eye Typing using Markov and Active Appearance Models
WACV '02 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision
Robust Face Detection at Video Frame Rate Based on Edge Orientation Features
FGR '02 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
Evaluation of MPEG-7 shape descriptors against other shape descriptors
Multimedia Systems
Sparse and Semi-supervised Visual Mapping with the S^3GP
CVPR '06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Volume 1
CVPRW '06 Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop
Models for gaze tracking systems
Journal on Image and Video Processing
Estimating the eye gaze from one eye
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on eye detection and tracking
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on eye detection and tracking
A generative framework for real time object detection and classification
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on eye detection and tracking
In the Eye of the Beholder: A Survey of Models for Eyes and Gaze
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
LIBSVM: A library for support vector machines
ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST)
A Human–Computer Interface Using Symmetry Between Eyes to Detect Gaze Direction
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
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Eye detection and gaze estimation play an important role in many applications, e.g., the eye-controlled mouse in the assisting system for disabled or elderly persons, eye fixation and saccade in psychological analysis, or iris recognition in the security system. Traditional research usually achieves eye tracking by employing intrusive infrared-based techniques or expensive eye trackers. Nowadays, there are more and more needs to analyze user behaviors from tracking eye attention in general applications, in which users usually use a consumer-grade computer or even laptop with an inexpensive webcam. To satisfy the requirements of rapid developments of such applications and reduce the cost, it is no more practical to apply intrusive techniques or use expensive/specific equipment. In this paper, we propose a real-time eye-gaze estimation system by using a general low-resolution webcam, which can estimate eye-gaze accurately without expensive or specific equipment, and also without an intrusive detection process. An illuminance filtering approach is designed to remove the influence from light changes so that the eyes can be detected correctly from the low-resolution webcam video frames. A hybrid model combining the position criterion and an angle-based eye detection strategy are also derived to locate the eyes accurately and efficiently. In the eye-gaze estimation stage, we employ the Fourier Descriptor to describe the appearance-based features of eyes compactly. The determination of eye-gaze position is then carried out by the Support Vector Machine. The proposed algorithms have high performances with low computational complexity. The experiment results also show the feasibility of the proposed methodology.