A study of a retro-projected robotic face and its effectiveness for gaze reading by humans
Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
Homography normalization for robust gaze estimation in uncalibrated setups
Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research & Applications
Pupil center detection in low resolution images
Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research & Applications
Making computers look the way we look: exploiting visual attention for image understanding
Proceedings of the international conference on Multimedia
Gaze data collection with the off-the-shelf devices
PCM'10 Proceedings of the Advances in multimedia information processing, and 11th Pacific Rim conference on Multimedia: Part II
Gabor directional binary pattern: an image descriptor for gaze estimation
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing
A wearable gaze tracking system for children in unconstrained environments
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Display-camera calibration using eye reflections and geometry constraints
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Iris recognition by fusing different representations of multi-scale Taylor expansion
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Mobile gaze-based screen interaction in 3D environments
Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Novel Gaze-Controlled Applications
Discrimination of gaze directions using low-level eye image features
Proceedings of the 1st international workshop on pervasive eye tracking & mobile eye-based interaction
Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Ubiquitous computing
Radial symmetry guided particle filter for robust iris tracking
CAIP'11 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Computer analysis of images and patterns - Volume Part II
Augmenting the robustness of cross-ratio gaze tracking methods to head movement
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications
Robust real-time pupil tracking in highly off-axis images
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications
Error characterization and compensation in eye tracking systems
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications
Automatic acquisition of a 3D eye model for a wearable first-person vision device
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications
Evaluation of pupil center-eye corner vector for gaze estimation using a web cam
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications
Gaze input for mobile devices by dwell and gestures
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications
Towards pervasive eye tracking using low-level image features
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications
Eye tracking on unmodified common tablets: challenges and solutions
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications
A flexible gaze tracking algorithm evaluation workbench
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications
Attention prediction in egocentric video using motion and visual saliency
PSIVT'11 Proceedings of the 5th Pacific Rim conference on Advances in Image and Video Technology - Volume Part I
Emerging Input Technologies for Always-Available Mobile Interaction
Foundations and Trends in Human-Computer Interaction
Study of Polynomial Mapping Functions in Video-Oculography Eye Trackers
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
International Journal of Computer Vision
ICCHP'12 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs - Volume Part II
A cascade face recognition system using hybrid feature extraction
Digital Signal Processing
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Ubiquitous Computing
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Ubiquitous Computing
Detecting eye contact using wearable eye-tracking glasses
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Ubiquitous Computing
Image and Vision Computing
A hybrid motion and appearance prediction model for robust visual object tracking
Pattern Recognition Letters
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications
Double-pupil location of face images
Pattern Recognition
Point of gaze estimation through corneal surface reflection in an active illumination environment
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part II
Gaze tracking and non-touch gesture based interaction method for mobile 3D virtual spaces
Proceedings of the 24th Australian Computer-Human Interaction Conference
Improving Head Movement Tolerance of Cross-Ratio Based Eye Trackers
International Journal of Computer Vision
Learning saliency-based visual attention: A review
Signal Processing
Eye localization from infrared thermal images
MPRSS'12 Proceedings of the First international conference on Multimodal Pattern Recognition of Social Signals in Human-Computer-Interaction
Graph-based joint clustering of fixations and visual entities
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
SideWays: a gaze interface for spontaneous interaction with situated displays
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Pursuits: eye-based interaction with moving targets
CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Measuring learning and fun in video games for young children: a proposed method
Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children
Eye localization from thermal infrared images
Pattern Recognition
OMG!: a new robust, wearable and affordable open source mobile gaze tracker
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services
My reading life: towards utilizing eyetracking on unmodified tablets and phones
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM conference on Pervasive and ubiquitous computing adjunct publication
Hybrid method based on topography for robust detection of iris center and eye corners
ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMCCAP)
Gaze locking: passive eye contact detection for human-object interaction
Proceedings of the 26th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Real-time eye-gaze estimation using a low-resolution webcam
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Eye Tracking South Africa
The effect of mapping function on the accuracy of a video-based eye tracker
Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Eye Tracking South Africa
A new mapping function to improve the accuracy of a video-based eye tracker
Proceedings of the South African Institute for Computer Scientists and Information Technologists Conference
Evaluating the robustness of an appearance-based gaze estimation method for multimodal interfaces
Proceedings of the 15th ACM on International conference on multimodal interaction
A semi-automated system for accurate gaze coding in natural dyadic interactions
Proceedings of the 15th ACM on International conference on multimodal interaction
3D head pose and gaze tracking and their application to diverse multimodal tasks
Proceedings of the 15th ACM on International conference on multimodal interaction
Eye pupil localization with an ensemble of randomized trees
Pattern Recognition
Learning gaze biases with head motion for head pose-free gaze estimation
Image and Vision Computing
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Despite active research and significant progress in the last 30 years, eye detection and tracking remains challenging due to the individuality of eyes, occlusion, variability in scale, location, and light conditions. Data on eye location and details of eye movements have numerous applications and are essential in face detection, biometric identification, and particular human-computer interaction tasks. This paper reviews current progress and state of the art in video-based eye detection and tracking in order to identify promising techniques as well as issues to be further addressed. We present a detailed review of recent eye models and techniques for eye detection and tracking. We also survey methods for gaze estimation and compare them based on their geometric properties and reported accuracies. This review shows that, despite their apparent simplicity, the development of a general eye detection technique involves addressing many challenges, requires further theoretical developments, and is consequently of interest to many other domains problems in computer vision and beyond.