Feature extraction from faces using deformable templates
International Journal of Computer Vision
Active shape models—their training and application
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Face Recognition System Using Local Autocorrelations and Multiscale Integration
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Probabilistic Visual Learning for Object Representation
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Eigenfaces vs. Fisherfaces: Recognition Using Class Specific Linear Projection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Face Recognition: The Problem of Compensating for Changes in Illumination Direction
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Face Recognition by Elastic Bunch Graph Matching
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Neural Network-Based Face Detection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
What Is the Set of Images of an Object Under All Possible Illumination Conditions?
International Journal of Computer Vision
Variance projection function and its application to eye detection for human face recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
Real-time head tracking from the deformation of eye contours using a piecewise affine camera
Pattern Recognition Letters
Frontal-view face detection and facial features extraction using color and morphological operations
Pattern Recognition Letters
The FERET Evaluation Methodology for Face-Recognition Algorithms
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Real-time eye detection and tracking under various light conditions
ETRA '02 Proceedings of the 2002 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
Face Detection in Color Images
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Face Recognition: Features Versus Templates
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Robust Face Detection Using the Hausdorff Distance
AVBPA '01 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
Dual-State Parametric Eye Tracking
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
Face recognition: A literature survey
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Robust Real-Time Face Detection
International Journal of Computer Vision
WBMA '03 Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGMM workshop on Biometrics methods and applications
Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints
International Journal of Computer Vision
Pictorial Structures for Object Recognition
International Journal of Computer Vision
Convolutional Face Finder: A Neural Architecture for Fast and Robust Face Detection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Acquiring Linear Subspaces for Face Recognition under Variable Lighting
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Overview of the Face Recognition Grand Challenge
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Volume 1 - Volume 01
Feature-Based Affine-Invariant Localization of Faces
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A Performance Evaluation of Local Descriptors
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Automatic Eye Detection and Its Validation
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Workshops - Volume 03
Regression and Classification Approaches to Eye Localization in Face Images
FGR '06 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (Information Science and Statistics)
Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (Information Science and Statistics)
2D Cascaded AdaBoost for Eye Localization
ICPR '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 02
Face Description with Local Binary Patterns: Application to Face Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Illumination Invariant Face Recognition Using Near-Infrared Images
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Predicting Structured Data (Neural Information Processing)
Predicting Structured Data (Neural Information Processing)
The Representation and Matching of Pictorial Structures
IEEE Transactions on Computers
ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMCCAP)
Robust Object Detection with Interleaved Categorization and Segmentation
International Journal of Computer Vision
Blur Insensitive Texture Classification Using Local Phase Quantization
ICISP '08 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Image and Signal Processing
Facial expression recognition - A real time approach
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
FaceTracer: A Search Engine for Large Collections of Images with Faces
ECCV '08 Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Computer Vision: Part IV
Learning to Localize Objects with Structured Output Regression
ECCV '08 Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Computer Vision: Part I
On Mixtures of Linear SVMs for Nonlinear Classification
SSPR & SPR '08 Proceedings of the 2008 Joint IAPR International Workshop on Structural, Syntactic, and Statistical Pattern Recognition
Facial feature detection using distance vector fields
Pattern Recognition
Eye localization in low and standard definition content with application to face matching
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Recognition of faces in unconstrained environments: a comparative study
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing - Special issue on recent advances in biometric systems: a signal processing perspective
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on eye detection and tracking
In the Eye of the Beholder: A Survey of Models for Eyes and Gaze
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Locating and extracting the eye in human face images
Pattern Recognition
Facial feature localization using weighted vector concentration approach
Image and Vision Computing
An image preprocessing algorithm for illumination invariant face recognition
AVBPA'03 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Audio- and video-based biometric person authentication
A pupil localization algorithm based on adaptive Gabor filtering and negative radial symmetry
EMMCVPR'07 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Energy minimization methods in computer vision and pattern recognition
Enhanced local texture feature sets for face recognition under difficult lighting conditions
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Automatic eye detection using intensity filtering and K-means clustering
Pattern Recognition Letters
Object Detection with Discriminatively Trained Part-Based Models
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Training-Free, Generic Object Detection Using Locally Adaptive Regression Kernels
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Curse of mis-alignment in face recognition: problem and a novel mis-alignment learning solution
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
Robust precise eye location under probabilistic framework
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
Robust precise eye location by adaboost and SVM techniques
ISNN'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Advances in neural networks - Volume Part II
Fast PRISM: Branch and Bound Hough Transform for Object Class Detection
International Journal of Computer Vision
Online domain adaptation of a pre-trained cascade of classifiers
CVPR '11 Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
WACV '12 Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Workshop on the Applications of Computer Vision
Visual routines for eye location using learning and evolution
IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
A multiscale retinex for bridging the gap between color images and the human observation of scenes
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Face detection, pose estimation, and landmark localization in the wild
CVPR '12 Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)
A robust eye localization method for low quality face images
IJCB '11 Proceedings of the 2011 International Joint Conference on Biometrics
| Hi-index | 0.01 |
Eye localization has gained a wide range of applications in face recognition, gaze estimation, pose estimation, expression analysis, etc. However, due to the high degree of appearance variability of eyes in size, shape, color, texture and various ambient environment changes, this task is challenging. During the last three decades, numerous techniques have been developed to meet these challenges. The goal of this paper is to categorize and evaluate these algorithms in a comprehensive way. We focus on the overall difficulties and challenges in real-life scenarios, and present a detailed review of prominent algorithms from the perspective of learning generalizable, flexible and efficient statistical eye models from a small number of training images. In addition, we organize the discussion of the global aspects of eye localization in uncontrolled environments, towards the development of a robust eye localization system. This paper concludes with several promising directions for future research.