Manual and gaze input cascaded (MAGIC) pointing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Eye gaze patterns in conversations: there is more to conversational agents than meets the eyes
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Leveraging the asymmetric sensitivity of eye contact for videoconference
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Gaze Awareness for Video-Conferencing: A Software Approach
IEEE MultiMedia
Communications of the ACM
“Put-that-there”: Voice and gesture at the graphics interface
SIGGRAPH '80 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Appearance-based Eye Gaze Estimation
WACV '02 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision
A model-based gaze tracking system
IJSIS '96 Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE International Joint Symposia on Intelligence and Systems
Non-Intrusive Gaze Tracking Using Artificial Neural Networks
Non-Intrusive Gaze Tracking Using Artificial Neural Networks
Pattern Classification (2nd Edition)
Pattern Classification (2nd Edition)
ECSGlasses and EyePliances: using attention to open sociable windows of interaction
Proceedings of the 2004 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
ViewPointer: lightweight calibration-free eye tracking for ubiquitous handsfree deixis
Proceedings of the 18th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Eye gaze tracking techniques for interactive applications
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on eye detection and tracking
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on eye detection and tracking
In the Eye of the Beholder: A Survey of Models for Eyes and Gaze
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
LIBSVM: A library for support vector machines
ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST)
An eye tracking dataset for point of gaze detection
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications
Dataset for the evaluation of eye detector for gaze estimation
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Ubiquitous Computing
Detecting eye contact using wearable eye-tracking glasses
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Ubiquitous Computing
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Eye contact plays a crucial role in our everyday social interactions. The ability of a device to reliably detect when a person is looking at it can lead to powerful human-object interfaces. Today, most gaze-based interactive systems rely on gaze tracking technology. Unfortunately, current gaze tracking techniques require active infrared illumination, calibration, or are sensitive to distance and pose. In this work, we propose a different solution-a passive, appearance-based approach for sensing eye contact in an image. By focusing on gaze *locking* rather than gaze tracking, we exploit the special appearance of direct eye gaze, achieving a Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of over 0.83 at long distances (up to 18 m) and large pose variations (up to ±30° of head yaw rotation) using a very basic classifier and without calibration. To train our detector, we also created a large publicly available gaze data set: 5,880 images of 56 people over varying gaze directions and head poses. We demonstrate how our method facilitates human-object interaction, user analytics, image filtering, and gaze-triggered photography.