Eye finding via face detection for a foveated, active vision system
AAAI '98/IAAI '98 Proceedings of the fifteenth national/tenth conference on Artificial intelligence/Innovative applications of artificial intelligence
Real-time eye detection and tracking under various light conditions
ETRA '02 Proceedings of the 2002 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
Eye and gaze tracking for interactive graphic display
Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on Smart graphics
Intelligent Multi-modal Systems
BT Technology Journal
Real Time Visual Cues Extraction for Monitoring Driver Vigilance
ICVS '01 Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Computer Vision Systems
Eye and gaze tracking for interactive graphic display
Machine Vision and Applications
Eye gaze tracking techniques for interactive applications
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on eye detection and tracking
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on eye detection and tracking
Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
A point-and-click interface for the real world: laser designation of objects for mobile manipulation
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM/IEEE international conference on Human robot interaction
Eye gaze tracking techniques for interactive applications
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on eye detection and tracking
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on eye detection and tracking
Real-time eye gaze tracking with an unmodified commodity webcam employing a neural network
CHI '10 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
A wearable gaze tracking system for children in unconstrained environments
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Discrimination of gaze directions using low-level eye image features
Proceedings of the 1st international workshop on pervasive eye tracking & mobile eye-based interaction
ACCV'06 Proceedings of the 7th Asian conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part I
Gaze from motion: towards natural user interfaces
PCM'04 Proceedings of the 5th Pacific Rim Conference on Advances in Multimedia Information Processing - Volume Part II
Towards pervasive eye tracking using low-level image features
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications
Gaze tracking in wide area using multiple camera observations
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications
An eye tracking dataset for point of gaze detection
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications
Detection of head pose and gaze direction for human-computer interaction
PIT'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international tutorial and research conference on Perception and Interactive Technologies
Gaze locking: passive eye contact detection for human-object interaction
Proceedings of the 26th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Evaluating the robustness of an appearance-based gaze estimation method for multimodal interfaces
Proceedings of the 15th ACM on International conference on multimodal interaction
3D head pose and gaze tracking and their application to diverse multimodal tasks
Proceedings of the 15th ACM on International conference on multimodal interaction
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We have developed an artificial neural network based gaze tracking system which can be customized to individual users. A three layer feed forward network, trained with standard error back propagation, is used to determine the position of a user''s gaze from the appearance of the user''s eye. Unlike other gaze trackers, which normally require the user to wear cumbersome headgear, or to use a chin rest to ensure head immobility, our system is entirely non-intrusive. Currently, the best intrusive gaze tracking systems are accurate to approximately 0.75 degrees. In our experiments, we have been able to achieve an accuracy of 1.5 degrees, while allowing head mobility. In its current implementation, our system works at 15 hz. In this paper we present an empirical analysis of the performance of a large number of artificial neural network architectures for this task. Suggestions for further explorations for neurally based gaze trackers are presented, and are related to other similar artificial neural network applications such as autonomous road following.