CT '01 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Cognitive Technology: Instruments of Mind
All robots are not created equal: the design and perception of humanoid robot heads
DIS '02 Proceedings of the 4th conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, and techniques
Interacting with an embodied emotional character
DPPI '03 Proceedings of the 2003 international conference on Designing pleasurable products and interfaces
Interactions with a moody robot
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI/SIGART conference on Human-robot interaction
Towards a "theory of mind" in simulated robots
Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference Companion on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference: Late Breaking Papers
Towards a simple robotic theory of mind
PerMIS '09 Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Performance Metrics for Intelligent Systems
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Theory of Mind (ToM) is not only a key capability for cognitive development but also for successful social interaction. In order for a robot to interact successfully with a human both interaction partners need to have an adequate representation of the other's actions. In this paper we address the question of how a robot's actions are perceived and represented in a human subject interacting with the robot and how this perception is influenced by the appearance of the robot. We present the preliminary results of an fMRI-study in which participants had to play a version of the classical Prisoners' Dilemma Game (PDG) against four opponents: a human partner (HP), an anthropomorphic robot (AR), a functional robot (FR), and a computer (CP). The PDG scenario enables to implicitly measure mentalizing or Theory of Mind (ToM) abilities, a technique commonly applied in functional imaging. As the responses of each game partner were randomized unknowingly to the participants, the attribution of intention or will to an opponent (i.e. HP, AR, FR or CP) was based purely on differences in the perception of shape and embodiment. The present study is the first to apply functional neuroimaging methods to study human-robot interaction on a higher cognitive level such as ToM. We hypothesize that the degree of anthropomorphism and embodiment of the game partner will modulate cortical activity in previously detected ToM networks as the medial prefrontal lobe and anterior cingulate cortex.