Analysis of rate-distortion functions and congestion control in scalable internet video streaming
NOSSDAV '03 Proceedings of the 13th international workshop on Network and operating systems support for digital audio and video
Rate-distorton analysis and traffic modeling of scalable video coders
Rate-distorton analysis and traffic modeling of scalable video coders
Computational Statistics Handbook with MATLAB, Second Edition (Chapman & Hall/Crc Computer Science & Data Analysis)
Analysis of low bit rate image transform coding
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
The MPEG-4 fine-grained scalable video coding method for multimediastreaming over IP
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
Scene-adaptive transform domain video partitioning
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
Rate-Distortion Analysis and Quality Control in Scalable Internet Streaming
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
Rate control of MPEG video coding and recording by rate-quantization modeling
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
A new rate control scheme using quadratic rate distortion model
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Source model for transform video coder and its application. I. Fundamental theory
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Bit-rate control using piecewise approximated rate-distortion characteristics
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Overview of fine granularity scalability in MPEG-4 video standard
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Low-delay rate control for DCT video coding via ρ-domain source modeling
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
A unified rate-distortion analysis framework for transform coding
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
A linear source model and a unified rate control algorithm for DCT video coding
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Constant quality constrained rate allocation for FGS-coded video
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Video communication systems with heterogeneous clients
MM '08 Proceedings of the 16th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Optimized bit extraction using distortion modeling in the scalable extension of H.264/AVC
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Rate distortion optimization for mesh-based P2P video streaming
ICC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Communications
Scalable video transmission: packet loss induced distortion modeling and estimation
Proceedings of the 21st international workshop on Network and operating systems support for digital audio and video
Receiving-peer-driven multi-video-source scheduling algorithms in mobile P2P overlay networks
Computers and Electrical Engineering
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Rate-distortion (R-D) models are functions that describe the relationship between the bitrate and expected level of distortion in the reconstructed video stream. R-D models enable optimization of the received video quality in different network conditions. Several R-D models have been proposed for the increasingly popular fine-grained scalable video sequences. However, the models' relative performance has not been thoroughly analyzed. Moreover, the time complexity of each model is not known, nor is the range of bitrates in which the model produces valid results. This lack of quantitative performance analysis makes it difficult to select the model that best suits a target streaming system. In this article, we classify, analyze, and rigorously evaluate all R-D models proposed for FGS coders in the literature. We classify R-D models into three categories: analytic, empirical, and semi-analytic. We describe the characteristics of each category. We analyze the R-D models by following their mathematical derivations, scrutinizing the assumptions made, and explaining when the assumptions fail and why. In addition, we implement all R-D models, a total of eight, and evaluate them using a diverse set of video sequences. In our evaluation, we consider various source characteristics, diverse channel conditions, different encoding/decoding parameters, different frame types, and several performance metrics including accuracy, range of applicability, and time complexity of each model. We also present clear systematic ways (pseudo codes) for constructing various R-D models from a given video sequence. Based on our experimental results, we present a justified list of recommendations on selecting the best R-D models for video-on-demand, video conferencing, real-time, and peer-to-peer streaming systems.