Pfinder: Real-Time Tracking of the Human Body
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Learning Patterns of Activity Using Real-Time Tracking
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
W4: Real-Time Surveillance of People and Their Activities
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
M2Tracker: A Multi-View Approach to Segmenting and Tracking People in a Cluttered Scene
International Journal of Computer Vision
Tracking Many Objects with Many Sensors
IJCAI '99 Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence
VS '99 Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Visual Surveillance
Multi-Camera Multi-Person Tracking for EasyLiving
VS '00 Proceedings of the Third IEEE International Workshop on Visual Surveillance (VS'2000)
GROUP BEHAVIOR RECOGNITION WITH MULTIPLE CAMERAS
WACV '02 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision
In defence of the 8-point algorithm
ICCV '95 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Computer Vision
Self-Calibration of a Camera from Video of a Walking Human
ICPR '02 Proceedings of the 16 th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'02) Volume 1 - Volume 1
Robust Vanishing Point Determination in Noisy Images
ICPR '00 Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 1
Tracking Multiple People with a Multi-Camera System
WOMOT '01 Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Multi-Object Tracking (WOMOT'01)
Unified Multi-Camera Detection and Tracking Using Region-Matching
WOMOT '01 Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Multi-Object Tracking (WOMOT'01)
Tracking Across Multiple Cameras With Disjoint Views
ICCV '03 Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision - Volume 2
Nonlinear Estimation of the Fundamental Matrix with Minimal Parameters
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Probabilistic People Tracking for Occlusion Handling
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 1 - Volume 01
Object Reacquisition Using Invariant Appearance Model
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 4 - Volume 04
Preserving Privacy by De-Identifying Face Images
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Approximate Bayesian Multibody Tracking
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A system for automatic face obscuration for privacy purposes
Pattern Recognition Letters
Object identification in a Bayesian context
IJCAI'97 Proceedings of the Fifteenth international joint conference on Artifical intelligence - Volume 2
Automated multi-camera planar tracking correspondence modeling
CVPR'03 Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
Continuous tracking within and across camera streams
CVPR'03 Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
Probabilistic posture classification for Human-behavior analysis
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
Detecting moving objects, ghosts, and shadows in video streams
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Consistent labeling of tracked objects in multiple cameras with overlapping fields of view
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Visual tracking and recognition using appearance-adaptive models in particle filters
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Multiview trajectory mapping using homography with lens distortion correction
Journal on Image and Video Processing - Regular
Object Matching in Distributed Video Surveillance Systems by LDA-Based Appearance Descriptors
ICIAP '09 Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing
Mutual calibration of camera motes and RFIDs for people localization and identification
Proceedings of the Fourth ACM/IEEE International Conference on Distributed Smart Cameras
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM workshop on Multimedia in forensics, security and intelligence
Semi-interactive tracing of persons in real-life surveillance data
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM workshop on Multimedia in forensics, security and intelligence
Color based tracing in real-life surveillance data
Transactions on data hiding and multimedia security V
Detecting anomalies in people's trajectories using spectral graph analysis
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
3DPeS: 3D people dataset for surveillance and forensics
J-HGBU '11 Proceedings of the 2011 joint ACM workshop on Human gesture and behavior understanding
Hardware middleware for person tracking on embedded distributed smart cameras
International Journal of Reconfigurable Computing - Special issue on Selected Papers from the International Conference on Reconfigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig'10)
People reidentification in surveillance and forensics: A survey
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
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Outdoor surveillance is one of the most attractive application of video processing and analysis. Robust algorithms must be defined and tuned to cope with the non-idealities of outdoor scenes. For instance, in a public park, an automatic video surveillance system must discriminate between shadows, reflections, waving trees, people standing still or moving, and other objects. Visual knowledge coming from multiple cameras can disambiguate cluttered and occluded targets by providing a continuous consistent labeling of tracked objects among the different views. This work proposes a new approach for coping with this problem in multi-camera systems with overlapped Fields of View (FoVs). The presence of overlapped zones allows the definition of a geometry-based approach to reconstruct correspondences between FoVs, using only homography and epipolar lines (hereinafter HECOL: Homography and Epipolar-based COnsistent Labeling) computed automatically with a training phase. We also propose a complete system that provides segmentation and tracking of people in each camera module. Segmentation is performed by means of the SAKBOT (Statistical and Knowledge Based Object Tracker) approach, suitably modified to cope with multi-modal backgrounds, reflections and other artefacts, typical of outdoor scenes. The extracted objects are tracked using a statistical appearance model robust against occlusions and segmentation errors. The main novelty of this paper is the approach to consistent labeling. A specific Camera Transition Graph is adopted to efficiently select the possible correspondence hypotheses between labels. A Bayesian MAP optimization assigns consistent labels to objects detected by several points of views: the object axis is computed from the shape tracked in each camera module and homography and epipolar lines allow a correct axis warping in other image planes. Both forward and backward probability contributions from the two different warping directions make the approach robust against segmentation errors, and capable of disambiguating groups of people. The system has been tested in a real setup of a urban public park, within the Italian LAICA (Laboratory of Ambient Intelligence for a friendly city) project. The experiments show how the system can correctly track and label objects in a distributed system with real-time performance. Comparisons with simpler consistent labeling methods and extensive outdoor experiments with ground truth demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed approach.