The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places
Does computer-generated speech manifest personality? an experimental test of similarity-attraction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
ELIZA—a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine
Communications of the ACM
Effects of echoic mimicry using hummed sounds on human-computer interaction
Speech Communication
Achieving rapport with turn-by-turn, user-responsive emotional coloring
Speech Communication
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Androids that replicate humans in form also need to replicate them in behaviour to achieve a high level of believability or lifelikeness. We explore the minimal social cues that can induce in people the human tendency for social acceptance, or ethopoeia, toward artifacts, including androids. It has been observed that people exhibit a strong tendency to adjust to each other, through a number of speech and language features in human-human conversational interactions, to obtain communication efficiency and emotional engagement. We investigate in this paper the phenomena related to prosodic alignment in human-computer interactions, with particular focus on human-computer alignment of speech characteristics. We found that people exhibit unidirectional and spontaneous short-term alignment of loudness and response latency in their speech in response to computer-generated speech. We believe this phenomenon of prosodic alignment provides one of the key components for building social acceptance of androids.