Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithms
Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithms
Automated design and optimization of wire antennas using genetic algorithms
Automated design and optimization of wire antennas using genetic algorithms
Human-competitive results produced by genetic programming
Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines
The evolution of standard cell libraries for future technology nodes
Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines
Causally-guided evolutionary optimization and its application to antenna array design
Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering
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We present a case study showing a human-competitive design of an evolved antenna that was deployed on a NASA spacecraft in 2006. We were fortunate to develop our antennas in parallel with another group using traditional design methodologies. This allowed us to demonstrate that our techniques were human-competitive because our automatically designed antenna could be directly compared to a human-designed antenna. The antennas described below were evolved to meet a challenging set of mission requirements, most notably the combination of wide beamwidth for a circularly polarized wave and wide bandwidth. Two evolutionary algorithms were used in the development process: one used a genetic algorithm style representation that did not allow branching in the antenna arms; the second used a genetic programming style tree-structured representation that allowed branching in the antenna arms. The highest performance antennas from both algorithms were fabricated and tested, and both yielded very similar performance. Both antennas were comparable in performance to a hand-designed antenna produced by the antenna contractor for the mission, and so we consider them examples of human-competitive performance by evolutionary algorithms. Our design was approved for flight, and three copies of it were successfully flown on NASA's Space Technology 5 mission between March 22 and June 30, 2006. These evolved antennas represent the first evolved hardware in space and the first evolved antennas to be deployed.