Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Integrating crowd-behavior modeling into military simulation using game technology
Simulation and Gaming
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When conducting operations in urban environments, military units often have to deal with ongoing civilian activity, including regular vehicle and pedestrian traffic, congregations and even crowds. Despite the important role played by civilian activity in the conduct of military operations, simulations used for military training often fail to represent civilian entities appropriately, both in terms of density and behaviours. This paper introduces a new tool (CAMiCS) that simulates vehicle traffic and pedestrian behaviour on the scale of a whole town, for training and experimentation at the operational level. CAMiCS is implemented as a multi-agent simulation and uses the current knowledge in human behaviour representation and traffic modelling. It can be used as a standalone simulation or in combination with other simulations on an HLA network. Terrain representation in CAMiCS is done using a geographical information system (GIS). Because of that feature, CAMiCS is especially well-suited for experimentation with GIS-based command and control systems. We present the fundamental models used for behaviour representation and traffic simulation, as well as the CAMiCS architecture. The benefits for training at the operational level are discussed.