The C programming language
Reduced instruction set computers
Communications of the ACM - Special section on computer architecture
Dhrystone: a synthetic systems programming benchmark
Communications of the ACM
PASCAL user manual and report
Compiler Construction
Development of computer programs by problem analysis Diagram(PAD)
ICSE '81 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Software engineering
Ada Language statistics for the iMAX 432 operating system
ACM SIGAda Ada Letters
Programming in Modula-2
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Essential Language el(α) is developed as a "Reduced Expression Set Language" which is simple and yet satisfies conditions for efficient programming and efficient execution. The grammar of el(α) is determined by unifying a machine model applicable to almost all computers and a language model with features essential for system programming. Much efforts are exerted to make the language machine independent and to eliminate execution-time overhead. Its simple syntax drawn in 2 diagrams covers from the module interface specifications to low level operations required for embedded software. Descriptive power of the language and object code efficiency of the compiler are certified by its applications for production programming.