Mobility increases the capacity of ad hoc wireless networks
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Age matters: efficient route discovery in mobile ad hoc networks using encounter ages
Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
A delay-tolerant network architecture for challenged internets
Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Probabilistic routing in intermittently connected networks
ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review
Routing in a delay tolerant network
Proceedings of the 2004 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
DTN routing in a mobility pattern space
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Delay-tolerant networking
Message ferry route design for sparse ad hoc networks with mobile nodes
Proceedings of the 7th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing
DTN routing as a resource allocation problem
Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Efficient routing in intermittently connected mobile networks: the single-copy case
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
Mobility emulator for DTN and MANET applications
Proceedings of the 4th ACM international workshop on Experimental evaluation and characterization
Mobility identification and clustering in sparse mobile networks
MILCOM'09 Proceedings of the 28th IEEE conference on Military communications
Routing for disruption tolerant networks: taxonomy and design
Wireless Networks
Modeling on-body DTN packet routing delay in the presence of postural disconnections
EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking - Special issue on opportunistic and delay tolerant networks
Communication capacity-based message exchange mechanism for delay-tolerant networks
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review
Shaping opportunistic networks
Computer Communications
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Biologists have long shown that the mobility patterns of many foraging animals and insects are similar to Levy walks and Levy walks are an optimal search strategy when target objects (i.e., food sources) are sparse and their locations are not known in advance. In this paper, we apply Levy walk patterns to routing in delay tolerant networks (DTN). In DTNs, message forwarding nodes often do not have full information about the whereabout of message destinations. Using the optimality property of Levy walks, we devise two styles of routing strategies. One is an active strategy using message ferries (MF) where the movement of MFs can be controlled to have a Levy walk pattern in order for them to maximize the opportunity of meeting the destinations and the other is a passive strategy in which the movement of nodes cannot be controlled, but messages are forwarded in such a manner that their forwarding patterns mimic the Levy walk patterns. We show through simulation that (1) both strategies are very effective when knowledge about destinations (i.e., contact history, trajectory or locations of destinations) is highly limited and (2) they complement existing utility-based routing which excels when such knowledge is available.