A performance comparison of multi-hop wireless ad hoc network routing protocols
MobiCom '98 Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Mobility increases the capacity of ad hoc wireless networks
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Self-Organized Public-Key Management for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
Age matters: efficient route discovery in mobile ad hoc networks using encounter ages
Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
Access and mobility of wireless PDA users
ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review
A message ferrying approach for data delivery in sparse mobile ad hoc networks
Proceedings of the 5th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing
Routing in a delay tolerant network
Proceedings of the 2004 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
The changing usage of a mature campus-wide wireless network
Proceedings of the 10th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Erasure-coding based routing for opportunistic networks
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Delay-tolerant networking
Pocket switched networks and human mobility in conference environments
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Delay-tolerant networking
Spray and wait: an efficient routing scheme for intermittently connected mobile networks
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Delay-tolerant networking
Resource and performance tradeoffs in delay-tolerant wireless networks
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Delay-tolerant networking
DTN routing in a mobility pattern space
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Delay-tolerant networking
Network coding for efficient communication in extreme networks
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Delay-tolerant networking
Ef.cient Continuous Mapping in Sensor Networks Using Isolines
MOBIQUITOUS '05 Proceedings of the The Second Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and Services
A community based mobility model for ad hoc network research
REALMAN '06 Proceedings of the 2nd international workshop on Multi-hop ad hoc networks: from theory to reality
Locating mobile nodes with EASE: learning efficient routes from encounter histories alone
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
XORs in the air: practical wireless network coding
Proceedings of the 2006 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Growth codes: maximizing sensor network data persistence
Proceedings of the 2006 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Optimal delay-power tradeoff in sparse delay tolerant networks: a preliminary study
Proceedings of the 2006 SIGCOMM workshop on Challenged networks
Prioritized epidemic routing for opportunistic networks
Proceedings of the 1st international MobiSys workshop on Mobile opportunistic networking
Spray and Focus: Efficient Mobility-Assisted Routing for Heterogeneous and Correlated Mobility
PERCOMW '07 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops
DTN routing as a resource allocation problem
Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Adaptive contact probing mechanisms for delay tolerant applications
Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Evaluating MobySpace-based routing strategies in delay-tolerant networks: Research Articles
Wireless Communications & Mobile Computing - Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks
Bubble rap: social-based forwarding in delay tolerant networks
Proceedings of the 9th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing
Proceedings of the 9th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing
Performance evaluation of a power management scheme for disruption tolerant network
Mobile Networks and Applications
DTN routing strategies using optimal search patterns
Proceedings of the third ACM workshop on Challenged networks
Forwarding in opportunistic networks with resource constraints
Proceedings of the third ACM workshop on Challenged networks
Coping with episodic connectivity in heterogeneous networks
Proceedings of the 11th international symposium on Modeling, analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems
Opportunistic DTN routing with window-aware adaptive replication
Proceedings of the 4th Asian Conference on Internet Engineering
Routing in Delay-Tolerant Networks Comprising Heterogeneous Node Populations
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Adaptive asynchronous clock based power saving protocols for delay tolerant networks
GLOBECOM'09 Proceedings of the 28th IEEE conference on Global telecommunications
Design and field experimentation of an energy-efficient architecture for DTN throwboxes
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Replication routing in DTNs: a resource allocation approach
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Optimal activation and transmission control in delay tolerant networks
INFOCOM'10 Proceedings of the 29th conference on Information communications
Performance modeling of epidemic routing
NETWORKING'06 Proceedings of the 5th international IFIP-TC6 conference on Networking Technologies, Services, and Protocols; Performance of Computer and Communication Networks; Mobile and Wireless Communications Systems
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Energy Efficiency Routing with Node Compromised Resistance in Wireless Sensor Networks
Mobile Networks and Applications
Mobile Networks and Applications
An analysis of evaluation practices for DTN routing protocols
Proceedings of the seventh ACM international workshop on Challenged networks
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Proceedings of the 7th ACM workshop on Performance monitoring and measurement of heterogeneous wireless and wired networks
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Enabling delay-tolerant communications for partially connected vehicular ad hoc networks
International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing
Evaluating contact volume in DTN networks
Proceedings of the 3rd Extreme Conference on Communication: The Amazon Expedition
Multi-Spreader Routing for sparsely populated mobile ad hoc networks
Wireless Networks
Threshold based locking routing strategy for delay tolerant network
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Wireless Networks
Contact quality based forwarding strategy for delay tolerant network
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
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Communication networks, whether they are wired or wireless, have traditionally been assumed to be connected at least most of the time. However, emerging applications such as emergency response, special operations, smart environments, VANETs, etc. coupled with node heterogeneity and volatile links (e.g. due to wireless propagation phenomena and node mobility) will likely change the typical conditions under which networks operate. In fact, in such scenarios, networks may be mostly disconnected, i.e., most of the time, end-to-end paths connecting every node pair do not exist. To cope with frequent, long-lived disconnections, opportunistic routing techniques have been proposed in which, at every hop, a node decides whether it should forward or store-and-carry a message. Despite a growing number of such proposals, there still exists little consensus on the most suitable routing algorithm(s) in this context. One of the reasons is the large diversity of emerging wireless applications and networks exhibiting such "episodic" connectivity. These networks often have very different characteristics and requirements, making it very difficult, if not impossible, to design a routing solution that fits all. In this paper, we first break up existing routing strategies into a small number of common and tunable routing modules (e.g. message replication, coding, etc.), and then show how and when a given routing module should be used, depending on the set of network characteristics exhibited by the wireless application. We further attempt to create a taxonomy for intermittently connected networks. We try to identify generic network characteristics that are relevant to the routing process (e.g., network density, node heterogeneity, mobility patterns) and dissect different "challenged" wireless networks or applications based on these characteristics. Our goal is to identify a set of useful design guidelines that will enable one to choose an appropriate routing protocol for the application or network in hand. Finally, to demonstrate the utility of our approach, we take up some case studies of challenged wireless networks, and validate some of our routing design principles using simulations.