Next century challenges: scalable coordination in sensor networks
MobiCom '99 Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring
WSNA '02 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Wireless sensor networks and applications
Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing
WMCSA '99 Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computer Systems and Applications
Spatial TDMA and CSMA with Preamble Sampling for Low Power Ad Hoc Wireless Sensor Networks
ISCC '02 Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC'02)
An adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Impact of radio irregularity on wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
Medium access control with coordinated adaptive sleeping for wireless sensor networks
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
An Energy-Efficient and Low-Latency Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
ICW '05 Proceedings of the 2005 Systems Communications
Z-MAC: a hybrid MAC for wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Countersniper system for urban warfare
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
Protocol assessment issues in low duty cycle sensor networks: The switching energy
SUTC '06 Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing -Vol 1 (SUTC'06) - Volume 01
Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: A Cross-Layer Design Perspective (Signals and Communication Technology)
Adaptive Low Power Listening for Wireless Sensor Networks
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Adaptive scheduling in wireless sensor networks
WAC'05 Proceedings of the Second international IFIP conference on Autonomic Communication
Directed broadcast with overhearing for sensor networks
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
QoS-aware data reporting control in cluster-based wireless sensor networks
Computer Communications
The adaptive environment: delivering the vision of in situ real-time environmental monitoring
IBM Journal of Research and Development
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Sensor network MAC protocols typically sacrifice packet latency to achieve energy efficiency. Such delays may well increase due to routing protocol operation. For this reason it is imperative that we attempt to quantify the end-to-end delay and energy consumption when jointly using low duty cycle MAC and routing protocols. In this paper, we present a comprehensive evaluation of MERLIN (MAC and efficient routing integrated with support for localization), a cross-layer protocol that integrates both MAC and routing features. In contrast to many sensor network protocols, it employs a multicast upstream and multicast downstream approach to relaying packets to and from the gateway. Simultaneous reception and transmission errors are notified by asynchronous burst ACK and negative burst ACK messages. A division of the network into timezones, together with an appropriate scheduling policy, enables the routing of packets to the closest gateway. An evaluation of MERLIN has been conducted through simulation, against both the SMAC and the ESR routing protocols (an improved version of the DSR algorithm). The results illustrate that the joint usage of both SMAC and ESR, in low duty cycle scenarios, causes extremely high end-to-end delays and prevents acceptable data delivery rate. MERLIN, as an integrated approach, notably reduces latency, resulting in nodes that can deliver data in a very low duty cycle, yielding a significant extension to network lifetime.