Wizard of Oz studies: why and how
IUI '93 Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Embodiment in conversational interfaces: Rea
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The Impact of Different Embodied Agent-Feedback on Users' Behavior
IVA '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
IVA'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
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Opinions in the scientific community differ about what makes an ECA effective. This study investigated whether emotional expressions influence the effectiveness of human-agent-interaction the participants' emotional status after the experiment. 70 participants took part in a small talk (10 min.) situation with the ECA MAX. We implemented two different types of feedback: emotional feedback (EMO), which provided a feedback about the emotional state of MAX (including smiles and compliments) and envelope feedback (ENV), which provided a feedback about the comprehension of the participants' contributions and presents MAX as an attentive listener. We found that smiling was the only nonverbal behaviour which was significantly recognized and that the emotional feedback led to increased feelings of interest in the participants. There were no effects with regard to the evaluation of the effectiveness of the conversation.