Wizard of Oz studies: why and how
IUI '93 Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
A conversational agent as museum guide: design and evaluation of a real-world application
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
Comparing Emotional vs. Envelope Feedback for ECAs
IVA '08 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
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This study investigated whether emotional expressions of an ECA influence the participants' nonverbal and verbal behavior. 70 participants took part in a small talk (10 min.) situation with the ECA MAX who was presented with two different types of feedback: emotional feedback (EMO), which provided a feedback about the emotional state of MAX (including smiles and compliments) and envelope feedback (ENV), which provided a feedback about the comprehension of the participants' contributions. In general we found that participants showed frequent behavior known from human-human-communication, such as proactive greetings or waving goodbye. Additionally, with regard to some behaviors, the agent's behavior had an impact: Participants in EMO significantly gave more compliments and exhibited more phrases of politeness ("Thank you!") than in ENV.