Wireless integrated network sensors
Communications of the ACM
An adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Dynamic voltage scaling for systemwide energy minimization in real-time embedded systems
Proceedings of the 2004 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Experience with a low power wireless mobile computing platform
Proceedings of the 2004 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Exploiting Radio Hierarchies for Power-Efficient Wireless Device Discovery and Connection Setup
VLSID '05 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on VLSI Design held jointly with 4th International Conference on Embedded Systems Design
Cyclops: in situ image sensing and interpretation in wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Dynamic power management using on demand paging for networked embedded systems
Proceedings of the 2005 Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference
The low power energy aware processing (LEAP)embedded networked sensor system
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Mobile systems, applications and services
Telos: enabling ultra-low power wireless research
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
A modular power-aware microsensor with 1000X dynamic power range
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
An embedded platform with duty-cycled radio and processing subsystems for wireless sensor networks
SAMOS'07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Embedded computer systems: architectures, modeling, and simulation
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Wireless sensor nodes are increasingly being tasked with computation and communication intensive functions while still subject to constraints related to energy availability. On these embedded platforms, once all low power design techniques have been explored, duty-cycling the various subsystems remains the primary option to meet the energy and power constraints. This requires the ability to provide spurts of high MIPS and high bandwidth connections. However, due to the large overheads associated with duty-cycling the computation and communication subsystems, existing high performance sensor platforms are not efficient in supporting such an option. In this article, we present the design and optimizations taken in a wireless gateway node (WGN) that bridges data from wireless sensor networks to Wi-Fi networks in an on-demand basis. We discuss our strategies to reduce duty-cycling related costs by partitioning the system and by reducing the amount of time required to activate or deactivate the high-powered components. We compare the design choices and performance parameters with those made in the Intel Stargate platform to show the effectiveness of duty-cycling on our platform. We have built a working prototype, and the experimental results with two different power management schemes show significant reductions in latency and average power consumption compared to the Stargate. The WGN running our power-gating scheme performs about six times better in terms of average system power consumption than the Stargate running the suspend-system scheme for large working-periods where the active power dominates. For short working-periods where the transition (enable/disable) power becomes dominant, we perform up to seven times better. The comparative performance of our system is even greater when the sleep power dominates.