Defining constraints graphically
CHI '86 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Constraint-based tools for building user interfaces
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) - Special issue on user interface software
Experiences with the alternate reality kit: an example of the tension between literalism and magic
CHI '87 Proceedings of the SIGCHI/GI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems and Graphics Interface
Constraint programming languages: their specification and generation
Constraint programming languages: their specification and generation
Concurrent programming using actors
Object-oriented concurrent programming
Pool-T: a parallel object-oriented language
Object-oriented concurrent programming
A user interface toolkit based on graphical objects and constraints
OOPSLA '88 Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications
PROCOL: a protocol-constrained concurrent object-oriented language
Information Processing Letters
Separating user interface and functionality using a frame based data model
UIST '89 Proceedings of the 2nd annual ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on User interface software and technology
PROCOL: a parallel object language with protocols
OOPSLA '89 Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications
Constraint technology for user-interface construction in ThingLab II
OOPSLA '89 Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications
Project DIGIS, building interactive applications by direct manipulation
Computer Graphics Forum
Kaleidoscope: mixing objects, constraints, and imperative programming
OOPSLA/ECOOP '90 Proceedings of the European conference on object-oriented programming on Object-oriented programming systems, languages, and applications
Object-Oriented Software Construction
Object-Oriented Software Construction
Using taps to separate the user interface from the application code
UIST '92 Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Data model for extensible support of explicit relationships in design databases
The VLDB Journal — The International Journal on Very Large Data Bases
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A constraint is a numeric or geometric relationship between objects. Constraints have a declarative nature and are a natural way for describing relationships between objects. Combining constraint systems and object-oriented programming (OOP) appears hard. All existing systems implicitly compromise the encapsulation principle of OOP. Also, the constraint resolving mechanism is typically centralized, thereby restricting parallel execution of a constraint program. This paper proposes a mechanism that provides for constraints in the concurrent (parallel) object-oriented Procol environment. Constraints are implemented using propagators. Propagators are triggered by messages that are sent to objects. Propagator constraints are solved by local propagation of known state, intuitively allowing for parallel execution of a Procol constraint program.