Smalltalk-80: the language and its implementation
Smalltalk-80: the language and its implementation
SMALLTALK-80: the interactive programming environment
SMALLTALK-80: the interactive programming environment
Pushdown automata for user interface management
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Communicating sequential processes
Communicating sequential processes
The elements of graphing data
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Visual programming, programming by example, and program visualization: a taxonomy
CHI '86 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Animated graphical interfaces using temporal constraints
CHI '86 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Defining constraints graphically
CHI '86 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The Trillium user interface design environment
CHI '86 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Specification and generation of constraint satisfaction systems
Specification and generation of constraint satisfaction systems
Classes versus prototypes in object-oriented languages
ACM '86 Proceedings of 1986 ACM Fall joint computer conference
There's more to menu systems than meets the screen
SIGGRAPH '85 Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Input/output linkage in a user interface management system
SIGGRAPH '85 Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Juno, a constraint-based graphics system
SIGGRAPH '85 Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The University of Alberta user interface management system
SIGGRAPH '85 Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The Programming Language Aspects of ThingLab, a Constraint-Oriented Simulation Laboratory
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
A High-Level Language for Specifying Pictures
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
On the implementation of AMBIT, a language for symbol manipulation
Communications of the ACM
The Art of Computer Programming Volumes 1-3 Boxed Set
The Art of Computer Programming Volumes 1-3 Boxed Set
User Interface Management Systems
User Interface Management Systems
Towards a comprehensive user interface management system
SIGGRAPH '83 Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
SYNGRAPH: A graphical user interface generator
SIGGRAPH '83 Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A user interface management system
SIGGRAPH '82 Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A session with Tinker: Interleaving program testing with program design
LFP '80 Proceedings of the 1980 ACM conference on LISP and functional programming
A system for algorithm animation
SIGGRAPH '84 Proceedings of the 11th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Two systems which produce animated representations of the execution of computer programs
SIGCSE '75 Proceedings of the fifth SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education
The Definition and Implementation of a Computer Programming Language Based on Constraints
The Definition and Implementation of a Computer Programming Language Based on Constraints
Pygmalion: a creative programming environment.
Pygmalion: a creative programming environment.
Thinglab--a constraint-oriented simulation laboratory.
Thinglab--a constraint-oriented simulation laboratory.
A language for typesetting graphics
A language for typesetting graphics
Algebraic constraints
Pict: experiments in the design of interactive, graphical programming environments (iconic, programming languages)
Programming by example
Editing as a paradigm for user interaction (small talk, object-oriented, syntax-directed)
Editing as a paradigm for user interaction (small talk, object-oriented, syntax-directed)
Constraint-based animation: temporal constraints in the animus system
Constraint-based animation: temporal constraints in the animus system
Automatic generation of interactive systems
ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics
Lisp machine manual
Simula Begin
OOPSLA '87 Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications
History, state and future of user interface management systems
ACM SIGCHI Bulletin
Design principles behind Chiron: a UIMS for software environments
ICSE '88 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Software engineering
A user interface toolkit based on graphical objects and constraints
OOPSLA '88 Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications
A smalltalk window system based on constraints
OOPSLA '88 Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications
Building interfaces interactively
UIST '88 Proceedings of the 1st annual ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on User Interface Software
UIST '88 Proceedings of the 1st annual ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on User Interface Software
Voyeur: graphical views of parallel programs
PADD '88 Proceedings of the 1988 ACM SIGPLAN and SIGOPS workshop on Parallel and distributed debugging
Creating graphical interactive application objects by demonstration
UIST '89 Proceedings of the 2nd annual ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on User interface software and technology
Defining the presentation of application data by a graphical language
UIST '89 Proceedings of the 2nd annual ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on User interface software and technology
UIST '89 Proceedings of the 2nd annual ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on User interface software and technology
A module mechanism for constraints in Smalltalk
OOPSLA '89 Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications
Creating user interfaces using programming by example, visual programming, and constraints
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
CHI '90 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Creating interactive techniques by symbolically solving geometric constraints
UIST '90 Proceedings of the 3rd annual ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on User interface software and technology
Interactive specification of flexible user interface displays
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
A general framework for visualizing abstract objects and relations
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
The importance of pointer variables in constraint models
UIST '91 Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
A general framework for Bi-directional translation between abstract and pictorial data
UIST '91 Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Propagators and concurrent constraints
OOPSLA/ECOOP '90 Proceedings of the workshop on Object-based concurrent programming
OOPSLA '92 conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages, and applications
Declarative programming of graphical interfaces by visual examples
UIST '92 Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Progress in building user interface toolkits: the world according to XIT
UIST '92 Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Using taps to separate the user interface from the application code
UIST '92 Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
A general framework for bidirectional translation between abstract and pictorial data
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS) - Special issue on user interface software and technology
Integrating pointer variables into one-way constraint models
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Optimizing toolkit-generated graphical interfaces
UIST '94 Proceedings of the 7th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
User interface specification using an enhanced spreadsheet model
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Supporting distributed, concurrent, one-way constraints in user interface applications
Proceedings of the 8th annual ACM symposium on User interface and software technology
Proceedings of the tenth annual conference on Object-oriented programming systems, languages, and applications
An incremental algorithm for satisfying hierarchies of multiway dataflow constraints
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Proceedings of the 9th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Ambiguous intentions: a paper-like interface for creative design
Proceedings of the 9th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
CHI '94 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Modelling constrained geometric objects with OBJSA nets
Concurrent object-oriented programming and petri nets
GROUP '01 Proceedings of the 2001 International ACM SIGGROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work
Graceful Interaction with Graphical Constraints
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
The Filter Browser Defining Interfaces Graphically
ECOOP '87 Proceedings of the European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming
Programming as an Experience: The Inspiration for Self
ECOOP '95 Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming
Visualising Objects: Abstraction, Encapsulation, Aliasing, and Ownership
Revised Lectures on Software Visualization, International Seminar
A constraint-based model of coordination in concurrent design projects
WET-ICE '96 Proceedings of the 5th International Workshops on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises (WET ICE'96)
SUPPLE: automatically generating user interfaces
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Evaluation of visual balance for automated layout
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Automated user interface engineering with a pattern reflecting programming language
Automated Software Engineering
Constraint solving for direct manipulation of features
Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing
Proceedings of the third ACM SIGPLAN conference on History of programming languages
CHI '07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Maintaining constraints in collaborative graphic systems: the CoGSE approach
ECSCW'05 Proceedings of the ninth conference on European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work
Nsync: a constraint based Toolkit for multimedia
TCLTK'97 Proceedings of the 5th conference on Annual Tcl/Tk Workshop 1997 - Volume 5
TclProp: a data-propagation formula manager for Tcl and Tk
TCLTK '98 Proceedings of the 3rd Annual USENIX Workshop on Tcl/Tk - Volume 3
An interactive game-design assistant
Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Implicit geometric constraint detection in freehand sketches using relative shape histogram
SBIM '07 Proceedings of the 4th Eurographics workshop on Sketch-based interfaces and modeling
A Method for Consistent Design of User Interaction with Multifunction Devices
HCD 09 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Human Centered Design: Held as Part of HCI International 2009
Maintaining constraints of UML models in distributed collaborative environments
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal
Distributed Constraints Maintenance in Collaborative UML Modeling Environments
ASE '08 Proceedings of the 2008 23rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering
A seamless integration of graphics and dialogues within a logic based object-oriented language
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
Automatically generating personalized user interfaces with Supple
Artificial Intelligence
A constraint maintenance strategy and applications in real-time collaborative environments
CDVE'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering
HotDrink: a library for web user interfaces
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Generative Programming and Component Engineering
KScript and KSWorld: a time-aware and mostly declarative language and interactive GUI framework
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM international symposium on New ideas, new paradigms, and reflections on programming & software
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A constraint describes a relation that must be maintained. Constraints provide a useful mechanism to aid in the construction of interactive graphical user interfaces. They can be used to maintain consistency between data and a view of the data, to maintain consistency among multiple views, to specify layout, and to specify relations between events and responses for describing animations of interactive systems and event-driven simulations. Object-oriented techniques for constraint representation and satisfaction are presented, and a range of examples that demonstrate the practical use of static and temporal constraints for such purposes is presented. These examples include animations of algorithms and physics simulations, and constructing user-interface elements such as file browsers, views onto statistical data, and an interactive monitor or a simulated operating system.