GPS, a program that simulates human thought
Computers & thought
Answering English questions by computer: a survey
Communications of the ACM
An approach toward answering English questions from text
AFIPS '66 (Fall) Proceedings of the November 7-10, 1966, fall joint computer conference
R2: a natural language question-answering system
AFIPS '71 (Spring) Proceedings of the May 18-20, 1971, spring joint computer conference
New directions in legal information processing
AFIPS '72 (Spring) Proceedings of the May 16-18, 1972, spring joint computer conference
Artificial intelligence systems that understand
IJCAI'77 Proceedings of the 5th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
On natural language based computer systems
IBM Journal of Research and Development
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The long-term goal for computational linguistics is to increase our understanding of linguistic and conceptual structures and to formally describe them so that computers can deal effectively with natural languages in such applications as question answering, stylistic and content analysis, essay writing, automated translation, etc. The eventual realization of this goal requires not only a satisfactory model of linguistic structures, but also models for verbal understanding and verbal meaning. In this paper we outline a theory and a model of verbal understanding and describe Protosynthex III, an experimental implementation of the model in the form of a general-purpose language processing system. The effectiveness of the model in representing the process of verbal understanding is demonstrated in terms of Protosynthex III's capability to disambiguate English sentences, to answer a range of English questions and to derive and generate meaning-preserving paraphrases.