Dependable and Historic Computing
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In this paper, we first present an exploratory analysis of the aspects of multiple-version software diversity using 36,123, programs written to the same specification. We do so within the framework of the theories of Eckhardt & Lee and Littlewood & Miller. We analyse programming faults made, explore failure regions and difficulty functions, show how effective 1-out-of-2 diversity is and how language diversity increases this effectiveness. The second part of the paper generalizes the findings about 1-out-of-2 diveristity, and its special case language diversity by performing statistical analyses of 89,402 programs written to 60 specifications. Most observations in the exploratory analysis are confirmed; however, although the benefit of language diversity can be observed, its effectiveness appears to be low.