A simple and fast probabilistic algorithm for computing square roots modulo a prime number
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
Random oracles are practical: a paradigm for designing efficient protocols
CCS '93 Proceedings of the 1st ACM conference on Computer and communications security
NetCash: a design for practical electronic currency on the Internet
CCS '93 Proceedings of the 1st ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Untraceable electronic mail, return addresses, and digital pseudonyms
Communications of the ACM
A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems
Communications of the ACM
Handbook of Applied Cryptography
Handbook of Applied Cryptography
CRYPTO '88 Proceedings of the 8th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
A Multi-Recastable Ticket Scheme for Electronic Elections
ASIACRYPT '96 Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptology and Information Security: Advances in Cryptology
ASIACRYPT '96 Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptology and Information Security: Advances in Cryptology
DIGITALIZED SIGNATURES AND PUBLIC-KEY FUNCTIONS AS INTRACTABLE AS FACTORIZATION
DIGITALIZED SIGNATURES AND PUBLIC-KEY FUNCTIONS AS INTRACTABLE AS FACTORIZATION
A fair e-cash payment scheme based on credit
ICEC '05 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Electronic commerce
An anonymous and failure resilient fair-exchange e-commerce protocol
Decision Support Systems
An Efficient Blind Signature Scheme for Information Hiding
International Journal of Electronic Commerce
Anonymous payment in a fair e-commerce protocol with verifiable TTP
TrustBus'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Trust, Privacy, and Security in Digital Business
Fair anonymous rewarding based on electronic cash
Journal of Systems and Software
Auditable envelopes: tracking anonymity revocation using trusted computing
TRUST'12 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Trust and Trustworthy Computing
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It is important for electronic transactions to be fair because customers and merchants cannot interact face-to-face. Several proposed fair transaction protocols deal adequately with the fairness issue but not with the equally critical matters of customer anonymity and privacy. This paper proposes a novel fair transaction protocol based on electronic cash that achieves both anonymity and fairness. Utilizing an off-line trusted third party (TTP), the protocol is efficient and practical. The customer's anonymity and privacy are protected because payment information is not revealed to anyone, including the TTP. The proposed method is independent of the underlying electronic cash scheme and thus can be realized with any e-cash system based on blind signatures. It also offers anonymity revocation to prevent crime and solves the unlimited-growth problem of the bank's e-cash database.