Highly dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers
SIGCOMM '94 Proceedings of the conference on Communications architectures, protocols and applications
Ant-based load balancing in telecommunications networks
Adaptive Behavior
An efficient routing protocol for wireless networks
Mobile Networks and Applications - Special issue: routing in mobile communications networks
Swarm intelligence: from natural to artificial systems
Swarm intelligence: from natural to artificial systems
Routing in wireless/mobile ad-hoc networks via dynamic group construction
Mobile Networks and Applications
Making link-state routing scale for ad hoc networks
MobiHoc '01 Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
Ad Hoc Wireless Networks: Protocols and Systems
Ad Hoc Wireless Networks: Protocols and Systems
Associativity-Based Routing for Ad Hoc Mobile Networks
Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal
The Ant System Applied to the Quadratic Assignment Problem
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
SHARP: a hybrid adaptive routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks
Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing
WMCSA '99 Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computer Systems and Applications
A Highly Adaptive Distributed Routing Algorithm for Mobile Wireless Networks
INFOCOM '97 Proceedings of the INFOCOM '97. Sixteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Driving the Information Revolution
ARA - The Ant-Colony Based Routing Algorithm for MANETs
ICPPW '02 Proceedings of the 2002 International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshops
Routing in Ad Hoc Networks Using a Spine
IC3N '97 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks
Source-Tree Routing in Wireless Networks
ICNP '99 Proceedings of the Seventh Annual International Conference on Network Protocols
Dynamic Hybrid Routing (DHR) in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
ICPP '02 Proceedings of the 2002 International Conference on Parallel Processing
GS3: scalable self-configuration and self-healing in wireless sensor networks
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking - Special issue: Wireless sensor networks
Independent zone routing: an adaptive hybrid routing framework for ad hoc wireless networks
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
A Two-Zone Hybrid Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
BeeAdHoc: an energy efficient routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks inspired by bee behavior
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Performance study of proactive flow handoff for mobile ad hoc networks
Wireless Networks
Ad Hoc Networking
AntNet: distributed stigmergetic control for communications networks
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
Hybrid routing in ad hoc networks with a dynamic virtual backbone
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
Ant colony system: a cooperative learning approach to the traveling salesman problem
IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
Ant system: optimization by a colony of cooperating agents
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
Determining the optimal configuration for the zone routing protocol
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
A access-based clustering protocol for multihop wireless ad hoc networks
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Ant colony optimization to price exotic options
CEC'09 Proceedings of the Eleventh conference on Congress on Evolutionary Computation
A taxonomy of biologically inspired research in computer networking
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
A survey on bio-inspired networking
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Stigmergic landmark routing: a routing algorithm for wireless mobile ad-hoc networks
Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Short and robust communication paths in dynamic wireless networks
ANTS'10 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Swarm intelligence
Survey Paper: Routing protocols in ad hoc networks: A survey
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Ant colony algorithms in MANETs: A review
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
Balanced data gathering strategy based on ant colony algorithm in WSNs
International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Computing
Adaptive Behavior - Animals, Animats, Software Agents, Robots, Adaptive Systems
BeeIP - A Swarm Intelligence based routing for wireless ad hoc networks
Information Sciences: an International Journal
A method for avoiding the searching bias in ACO deceptive problem solving
Web Intelligence and Agent Systems
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Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a group of mobile nodes which communicates with each other without any supporting infrastructure. Routing in MANET is extremely challenging because of MANETs dynamic features, its limited bandwidth and power energy. Nature-inspired algorithms (swarm intelligence) such as ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithms have shown to be a good technique for developing routing algorithms for MANETs. Swarm intelligence is a computational intelligence technique that involves collective behavior of autonomous agents that locally interact with each other in a distributed environment to solve a given problem in the hope of finding a global solution to the problem. In this paper, we propose a hybrid routing algorithm for MANETs based on ACO and zone routing framework of bordercasting. The algorithm, HOPNET, based on ants hopping from one zone to the next, consists of the local proactive route discovery within a node's neighborhood and reactive communication between the neighborhoods. The algorithm has features extracted from ZRP and DSR protocols and is simulated on GlomoSim and is compared to AODV routing protocol. The algorithm is also compared to the well known hybrid routing algorithm, AntHocNet, which is not based on zone routing framework. Results indicate that HOPNET is highly scalable for large networks compared to AntHocNet. The results also indicate that the selection of the zone radius has considerable impact on the delivery packet ratio and HOPNET performs significantly better than AntHocNet for high and low mobility. The algorithm has been compared to random way point model and random drunken model and the results show the efficiency and inefficiency of bordercasting. Finally, HOPNET is compared to ZRP and the strength of nature-inspired algorithm is shown.