Robust watermarking of H.264/SVC-encoded video: quality and resolution scalability
IWDW'10 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Digital watermarking
An efficient robust watermarking method integrated in H.264/SVC
Transactions on Data Hiding and Multimedia Security VII
An improved DCT-based perturbation scheme for high capacity data hiding in H.264/AVC intra frames
Journal of Systems and Software
A robust data hiding algorithm for H.264/AVC video streams
Journal of Systems and Software
A DCT/DST-based error propagation-free data hiding algorithm for HEVC intra-coded frames
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
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Most available H.264 watermarking methods either require large expense of time or are rather fragile to intended attacks. In this paper, we present a novel watermarking scheme, which satisfies with the requirements of both rapidity and robustness. The proposed scheme directly embeds watermarks into H.264 bit streams at the decoder by modifying the quantized DC coefficients in luma residual blocks. To increase the robustness while maintaining the perceptual quality of the video, we employ a texture-masking-based perceptual model to adaptively choose the watermark strength for each block. A crucial problem of decoder-based watermarking algorithms is error drift, which refers to the watermark error accumulations among different blocks during intra or inter predictions. To eliminate the effects of error drift, we propose a drift compensation algorithm by estimating a compensation signal for each block before embedding the watermark bit. Experimental results show that the watermarks are highly imperceptible and resistant to common attacks. In addition, our scheme is faster and causes less increase in bit rate than previous methods.