An overview of clock synchronization
Fault-tolerant distributed computing
A theory of clock synchronization (extended abstract)
STOC '94 Proceedings of the twenty-sixth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing
Lower bounds for convergence function based clock synchronization
Proceedings of the fourteenth annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing
Interval-based Clock Synchronization
Real-Time Systems - Special issue on global time in large scale distributed real-time systems, part II
Optimal and efficient clock synchronization under drifting clocks
Proceedings of the eighteenth annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing
Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system
Communications of the ACM
Probabilistic Clock Synchronization in Distributed Systems
IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
The Asynchronous Bounded-Cycle Model
SSS '08 Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Stabilization, Safety, and Security of Distributed Systems
Towards a real-time distributed computing model
Theoretical Computer Science
Optimal clock synchronization revisited: upper and lower bounds in real-time systems
OPODIS'06 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Principles of Distributed Systems
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In an OPODIS'06 paper, we laid down the foundations of a real-time distributed computing model (RT-Model) with non-zero duration computing steps, which reconciles correctness proofs and real-time schedulability analysis of distributed algorithms. By applying the RT-Model to the well-known drift-free internal clock synchronization problem, we proved that classic zero step-time analysis sometimes provides too optimistic results. The present paper provides a first step towards worst-case optimal deterministic clock synchronization with drifting clocks in real-time systems, which is an open problem even in classic distributed computing. We define and prove correct an optimal remote clock estimation algorithm, which is a pivotal function in both external and internal clock synchronization, and determine a matching lower bound for the achievable maximum clock reading error in the RT-Model. Moreover, we show how to combine our optimal clock estimation algorithm with existing clock synchronization algorithms.