Foundations of statistical natural language processing
Foundations of statistical natural language processing
Towards a standard upper ontology
Proceedings of the international conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems - Volume 2001
Design and development of a pictogram communication system for children around the world
IWIC'07 Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Intercultural collaboration
Culturally-situated pictogram retrieval
IWIC'07 Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Intercultural collaboration
Assisting pictogram selection with semantic interpretation
ESWC'08 Proceedings of the 5th European semantic web conference on The semantic web: research and applications
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Findings on how humans detect cultural differences in cross-cultural pictogram interpretations are reported. An open-answer web survey was conducted in the United States and Japan to collect U.S.-Japan pictogram interpretations. Thirty U.S.-Japan pictogram interpretations were used as stimuli for human cultural difference detection study. Three U.S. subjects and three Japanese subjects participated in the study to assess the degree of cultural differences in the thirty pictogram interpretations given in the questionnaire. Post-questionnaire interviews were conducted to elucidate the reasons behind the human cultural difference detection. The following factors were considered when humans detect cultural differences in cross-cultural pictogram interpretations: (i) similar or dissimilar interpretations in the two countries, (ii) percentage or ranking of the interpretations, (iii) conformity or variance of semantics within one country's interpretations, (iv) presence of proper nouns (e.g. country names), and (v) positive or negative connotation in the interpretations.