Visualizing Underwater Environments Using Multifrequency Sonar
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Data collection, storage, and retrieval with an underwater sensor network
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
A Mathematical Theory of Communication
A Mathematical Theory of Communication
Low-power acoustic modem for dense underwater sensor networks
WUWNet '06 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Underwater networks
ICDT '06 Proceedings of the international conference on Digital Telecommunications
Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: A Cross-Layer Design Perspective (Signals and Communication Technology)
Acoustic Modems for Ubiquitous Computing
IEEE Pervasive Computing
Shallow water acoustic networks
IEEE Communications Magazine
The challenges of building mobile underwater wireless networks for aquatic applications
IEEE Network: The Magazine of Global Internetworking
Adaptive underwater acoustic communications
AIMS'10 Proceedings of the Mechanisms for autonomous management of networks and services, and 4th international conference on Autonomous infrastructure, management and security
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Most existing underwater networks target deep and long range oceanic environments, which has led to the design of power hungry and expensive underwater communication hardware. Because of prohibitive monetary and energy cost of currently over-engineered communication hardware, dense deployments of shallow water sensor networks remain an elusive goal. To enable dense shallow water networks, we propose a network architecture that builds on the success of terrestrial sensor motes and that relies on the coupling of software modems and widely available speakers and microphones in sensor motes to establish acoustic communication links. In this paper, we analytically and empirically explore the potential of this acoustic communication system for the underwater environment. Our experimental approach first profiles the hardware in water after waterproofing the components with elastic membranes. The medium profiling results expose the favorable frequencies of operation for the hardware, enabling us to design a software FSK modem. Subsequently, our experiments evaluate the data transfer capability of the underwater channel with 8-frequency FSK software modems. The experiments within a 17x8m controlled underwater environment yield an error-free channel capacity of 24bps, and they also demonstrate that the system supports date rates between 6 and 48bps with adaptive fidelity.