Documentary abstracting: toward a methodological model
Journal of the American Society for Information Science
Professional summarizing: no cognitive simulation without observation
Journal of the American Society for Information Science
Using hidden Markov modeling to decompose human-written summaries
Computational Linguistics - Summarization
Centroid-based summarization of multiple documents
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Examining the consensus between human summaries: initial experiments with factoid analysis
HLT-NAACL-DUC '03 Proceedings of the HLT-NAACL 03 on Text summarization workshop - Volume 5
The potential and limitations of automatic sentence extraction for summarization
HLT-NAACL-DUC '03 Proceedings of the HLT-NAACL 03 on Text summarization workshop - Volume 5
Will pyramids built of nuggets topple over?
HLT-NAACL '06 Proceedings of the main conference on Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association of Computational Linguistics
The Pyramid Method: Incorporating human content selection variation in summarization evaluation
ACM Transactions on Speech and Language Processing (TSLP)
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Human-generated summaries are a blend of content and style, bound by the task restrictions, but are ‘subject to subjectiveness’ of the individuals summarising the documents. We study the impact of various facets that cause subjectivity such as brevity, information content and information coverage on human-authored summaries. The scale of subjectivity is quantitatively measured among various summaries using a question–answer-based cross-comprehension test. The test evaluates summaries for meaning rather than exact words based on questions, framed by the summary authors, derived from the summary. The number of questions that cannot be answered after reading the candidate summary reflects its subjectivity. The qualitative analysis of the outcome of the cross-comprehension test shows the relationship between the length of a summary, information content and nature of questions framed by the summary author.